Endophytes, associated compositions, and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Materials and methods for improving plant traits and for providing plant benefits are provided. In some embodiments, the materials, and methods employing the same, can comprise endophytes.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,796, filed Jun. 26, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,809, filed Jun. 26, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,816, filed Jun. 26, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,813, filed Jun. 26, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,815, filed Jun. 26, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/017,818, filed Jun. 26, 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jun. 26, 2015, is named 29868US_CRF_sequencelisting.txt, and is 2,970,000 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to compositions and methods for improving the cultivation of plants, particularly agricultural plants. For example, this invention describes beneficial bacteria and fungi that are capable of living in a plant, which may be used to impart improved agronomic traits to plants. The disclosed invention also describes methods of improving plant characteristics by introducing such beneficial bacteria and/or fungi to those plants. Further, this invention also provides methods of treating seeds and other plant elements with beneficial bacteria and/or fungi that are capable of living within a plant, to impart improved agronomic characteristics to plants, particularly agricultural plants.

BACKGROUND

Agriculture faces numerous challenges that are making it increasingly difficult to provide food, materials, and fuels to the world's population. Population growth and changes in diet associated with rising incomes are increasing global food demand, while many key resources for agriculture are becoming increasingly scarce. By 2050, the FAO projects that total food production must increase by 70% to meet the needs of the growing population, a challenge that is exacerbated by numerous factors, including diminishing freshwater resources, increasing competition for arable land, rising energy prices, increasing input costs, and the likely need for crops to adapt to the pressures of a more extreme global climate. The need to grow nearly twice as much food in more uncertain climates is driving a critical need for new innovations.

Today, crop performance is optimized via of technologies directed towards the interplay between crop genotype (e.g., plant breeding, genetically-modified (GM) crops) and its surrounding environment (e.g., fertilizer, synthetic herbicides, pesticides). While these paradigms have assisted in doubling global food production in the past fifty years, yield growth rates have stalled in many major crops and shifts in the climate have been linked to production declines in important crops such as wheat. In addition to their long development and regulatory timelines, public fears of GM-crops and synthetic chemicals has challenged their use in many key crops and countries, resulting in a complete lack of acceptance for GM traits in wheat and the exclusion of GM crops and many synthetic chemistries from European markets. Thus, there is a significant need for innovative, effective, and publically-acceptable approaches to improving the intrinsic yield and resilience of crops to severe stresses.

Like humans, which benefit from a complement of beneficial microbial symbionts, plants have been purported to benefit somewhat from the vast array of bacteria and fungi that live both within and around their tissues to support their health and growth. Endophytes are fungal or bacterial organisms that live within plants. Bacterial and fungal endophytes appear to inhabit various host plant tissues and have been isolated from plant leaves, stems, or roots.

A small number of these symbiotic endophyte-host relationships have been purported in limited studies to provide agronomic benefits to model host plants within controlled laboratory settings, such as enhancement of biomass production (i.e., yield) and nutrition, increased tolerance to stress such as drought, and/or pests. Yet, such endophytes have been demonstrated to be ineffective in conferring benefits to a variety of agriculturally-important plants; as such, they do not adequately address the need to provide improved yield and tolerance to environmental stresses present in many agricultural situations for such crops.

Thus, there is a need for compositions and methods of providing agricultural crops with improved yield and resistance to various environmental stresses. Provided herein are novel compositions of bacterial and fungal endophytes and synthetic endophyte-plant compositions based on the analysis of the key properties that enhance the utility and commercialization of an endophytic composition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The disclosures of PCT/US2014/044427, filed Jun. 26, 2014, and U.S. application Ser. No. 14/316,469, filed Jun. 26, 2014, are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including the sequence listing containing SEQ ID NOs: 1-1448.

The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that a number of bacterial and fungal taxa of endophytes microbes are conserved across diverse species and/or cultivars of agricultural plants, and can be derived therefrom and heterologously associated with diverse new cultivars to provide benefits. The present invention is also based on the discovery that a plant element of a plant can be effectively augmented by coating its surface with such endophytes in an amount that is not normally found on the plant element. The endophytes can be isolated from inside the same plant or a different plant, or from inside a part or tissue of the same plant or different plant. The plant element thus coated with the endophyte can be used to confer improved agronomic trait or traits to the seed or the plant that is grown from the plant element.

The inventors have postulated that attempts to select for cultivars with certain improved traits and alterations in the environmental and chemical conditions of agriculture have led to the inadvertent loss of microbes in modern varieties that can provide beneficial traits to agricultural plants. The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that many modern cultivars of agricultural plants display striking distinctions in their microbial communities when compared with ancestral varieties. The present invention is also based on the observation that, in some cases, providing the microbial taxa present in such ancestral cultivars but are absent or underrepresented in modern varieties can lead to dramatic improvements in a number of agronomic traits in the modern cultivars.

SUMMARY

Described herein are methods for preparing an agricultural seed composition comprising contacting the surface of a plurality of seeds with a formulation comprising a purified microbial population that comprises at least two endophytes that are heterologous to the seed. The first endophyte is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin and the endophytes are present in the formulation in an amount capable of modulating a trait of agronomic importance, as compared to isoline plants grown from seeds not contacted with the formulation.

Also described herein are method for preparing an agricultural seed composition, comprising contacting the surface of a plurality of seeds with a formulation comprising a purified microbial population that comprises at least two endophytes that are heterologous to the seed. The first endophyte is capable of at least one function or activity selected from the group consisting of auxin production, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, mineral phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, cellulase production, chitinase production, xylanase production, and acetoin production and the endophytes are present in the formulation in an amount capable of modulating a trait of agronomic importance, as compared to isoline plants grown from seeds not contacted with the formulation.

Also described are methods of improving a phenotype during water limited conditions of a plurality of host plants grown from a plurality of seeds, comprising treating the seeds with a formulation comprising at least two endophytes that are heterologous to the seeds. The first endophyte is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin. The phenotype improvement is selected from the group consisting of: disease resistance, heat tolerance, cold tolerance, salinity tolerance, metal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, chemical tolerance, improved nitrogen utilization, improved resistance to nitrogen stress, improved nitrogen fixation, pest resistance, herbivore resistance, pathogen resistance, increased yield, health enhancement, vigor improvement, growth improvement, photosynthetic capability improvement, nutrition enhancement, altered protein content, altered oil content, increased biomass, increased shoot length, increased root length, improved root architecture, increased seed weight, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, number of pods, delayed senescence, stay-green, and altered seed protein composition, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant.

The seed or plant can be a dicot, e.g., soybean, cotton, tomato and pepper or a monocot, e.g., corn, wheat, barley and rice. In some embodiments, the seed is a transgenic seed.

The methods described herein include a first endophyte and a second endophyte. The first endophyte and/or the second endophyte can be, e.g., a bacterial endophyte or, e.g., a fungal endophyte. Examples of bacterial endophytes include, e.g., those from a genus selected from the group consisting of: Acidovorax, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Chryseobacterium, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Saccharibacillus, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas. In some embodiments, the bacterial endophyte has a 16S rRNA sequence that is at least 95% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671.

Examples of fungal endophytes include, e.g., those from a genus selected from the group consisting of: Acremonium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Embellisia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, and Podospora. In some embodiments, the fungal endophyte has an ITS rRNA at least 95% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least two endophytic microbial entities provided in any of Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, and 15.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the first endophyte is capable of metabolizing at least two of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin. In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the second endophyte is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin.

The methods described herein include a formulation. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises the purified microbial population at a concentration of at least about 10̂2 CFU/ml or spores/ml in a liquid formulation or about 10̂2 CFU/gm or spores/ml in a non-liquid formulation. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises one or more of the following: a stabilizer, or a preservative, or a carrier, or a surfactant, or an anticomplex agent, or any combination thereof and/or one or more of the following: fungicide, nematicide, bactericide, insecticide, and herbicide.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein modulate a trait agronomic importance. The trait of agronomic importance can be, e.g., disease resistance, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, cold tolerance, salinity tolerance, metal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, chemical tolerance, improved water use efficiency, improved nitrogen utilization, improved resistance to nitrogen stress, improved nitrogen fixation, pest resistance, herbivore resistance, pathogen resistance, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, health enhancement, vigor improvement, growth improvement, photosynthetic capability improvement, nutrition enhancement, altered protein content, altered oil content, increased biomass, increased shoot length, increased root length, improved root architecture, increased seed weight, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, number of pods, delayed senescence, stay-green, and altered seed protein composition.

The methods described herein can include at least one endophyte capable of localizing in a plant element of a plant grown from said seed, said plant element selected from the group consisting of: whole plant, seedling, meristematic tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue, seed, leaf, root, shoot, stem, flower, fruit, stolon, bulb, tuber, corm, keikis, and bud.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein further include placing the plurality of seeds into a substrate that promotes plant growth, including but not limited to soil. For examples, the seeds are placed in the soil in rows, with substantially equal spacing between each seed within each row.

Also described herein is a plant derived from the agricultural seed preparation of the methods described herein, wherein said plant comprises in at least one of its plant elements said endophytes, and/or wherein said progeny comprises in at least one of its plant elements said endophytes. Also described herein is a plurality of seed compositions prepared according to the methods described herein, wherein said seed compositions are confined within an object selected from the group consisting of: bottle, jar, ampule, package, vessel, bag, box, bin, envelope, carton, container, silo, shipping container, truck bed, and case.

Described herein are methods for preparing a seed comprising an endophyte population, said method comprising applying to an exterior surface of a seed a formulation comprising an endophyte population consisting essentially of an endophyte comprising a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700; methods for treating seedlings, the method comprising contacting foliage or the rhizosphere of a plurality of agricultural plant seedlings with a seed a formulation comprising an endophyte population consisting essentially of an endophyte comprising a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700; and growing the contacted seedlings; methods for modulating a plant trait comprising applying to vegetation or an area adjacent the vegetation, a seed a formulation comprising an endophyte population consisting essentially of an endophyte comprising a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700, wherein the formulation is capable of providing a benefit to the vegetation, or to a crop produced from the vegetation; and methods for modulating a plant trait comprising applying a formulation to soil, the seed a formulation comprising an endophyte population consisting essentially of an endophyte comprising a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700, wherein the formulation is capable of providing a benefit to seeds planted within the soil, or to a crop produced from plants grown in the soil. In some embodiments, the method includes applying or contacting by spraying, immersing, coating, encapsulating, or dusting the seeds or seedlings with the formulation.

Described herein are methods for improving an agricultural trait in an agricultural plant, the method comprising providing a modern agricultural plant, contacting said plant with a formulation comprising an endophyte derived from an ancestral plant in an amount effective to colonize the plant and allowing the plant to grow under conditions that allow the endophyte to colonize the plant, and methods for improving an agricultural trait in an agricultural plant, the method comprising providing an agricultural plant, contacting said plant with a formulation comprising an endophyte that is common to at least two donor plant types that is present in the formulation in an amount effective to colonize the plant, and growing the plants under conditions that allow the endophyte to improve a trait in the plant. In some embodiments, the endophyte comprises a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700. In some embodiments, the method includes applying or contacting by spraying, immersing, coating, encapsulating, or dusting the seeds or seedlings with the formulation.

The seed or plant can be a dicot, e.g., soybean, cotton, tomato and pepper or a monocot, e.g., corn, wheat, barley and rice. In some embodiments, the seed is a transgenic seed.

In some embodiments, the endophyte is capable of exhibiting production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, e.g., the endophyte exhibits at least two of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, and production of acetoin. In other embodiments, the endophyte is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin. In further embodiments, the endophyte is capable of capable of metabolizing at least two of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin.

In some embodiments, the endophyte comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any nucleic acid provided in Tables 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5-14, 16-23, wherein the endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount effective to colonize the mature agricultural plant. In other embodiments, at least one of the endophytes comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any nucleic acid provided in Tables 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5-14, 16-23, wherein the endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount effective to colonize the mature agricultural plant.

The endophyte can be present at a concentration of, for example, at least 10² CFU or spores/seed on the surface of the seeds after contacting.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein modulate a trait agronomic importance. The benefit or agricultural trait can be selected from the group consisting of: increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased tolerance to low nitrogen stress, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome, relative to reference seeds or agricultural plants derived from reference seeds. In some embodiments, the benefit or agricultural trait comprises at least two benefits or agricultural traits selected from the group consisting of: increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased tolerance to low nitrogen stress, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome, relative to reference seeds or plants derived from reference seeds. Examples include but are not limited to increased tolerance to low nitrogen stress or increased nitrogen use efficiency, and the endophyte is non-diazotrophic or increased tolerance to low nitrogen stress or increased nitrogen use efficiency, and the endophyte is diazotrophic.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an agriculturally compatible carrier, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, and a nutrient.

The methods described herein can include contacting the seed or plant with at least 100 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, at least 1,000,000 CFU or spores or more, of the endophyte.

In some embodiments of the methods described herein, the endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount effective to be detectable within a target tissue of the agricultural plant selected from a fruit, seed, leaf, root or portion thereof. For example, the population is detected in an amount of at least 100 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, at least 1,000,000 CFU or spores, or more, in the target tissue. Alternatively or in addition, the endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount effective to increase the biomass and/or yield of the fruit or seed produced by the plant by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with the fruit or seed of a reference agricultural plant. Alternatively or in addition, the endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount effective to detectably increase the biomass of the plant, or a part or a tissue type thereof, e.g., detectably increased by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. Alternatively or in addition, the endophyte is present in the formulation in an amount effective to detectably increase the rate of germination of the seed, e.g., increased by at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100% or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

Also described herein are synthetic compositions comprising a purified microbial population in association with a plurality of seeds or seedlings of an agricultural plant, wherein the purified microbial population comprises a first endophyte capable of at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, and production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof, wherein the first endophyte comprises a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700, and wherein the endophyte is present in the synthetic combination in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the seeds or seedlings or the plants derived from the seeds or seedlings. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least two endophytes provided in any of Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, and 15.

Also described herein are synthetic compositions comprising a purified population in association with a plurality of seeds or seedlings of an agricultural plant, wherein the purified microbial population comprises a first endophyte wherein the first endophyte is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin, wherein the first endophyte comprises a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700, and wherein the endophyte is present in the synthetic combination in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the seeds or seedlings or the plants derived from the seeds or seedlings. In some embodiments, the microbial population further comprises a second endophyte, wherein the first and second endophytes are independently capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin, or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the two endophytes are provided in any of Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, and 15

Also described herein are synthetic compositions comprising at least two endophytes associated with a seed, wherein at least the first endophyte is heterologous to the seed and is capable of production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, and production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof, wherein the endophytes are present in the formulation in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the seeds or seedlings or the plants derived from the seeds or seedlings. In some embodiments, both of the endophytes are heterologous to the seed. In some embodiments, the first and second endophytes are independently capable of at least one of production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, first endophyte comprises a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least two endophytes provided in any of Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, and 15.

Also described herein are synthetic compositions comprising at least two endophytes associated with a seed, wherein at least the first endophyte is heterologous to the seed and is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin, wherein the endophytes are present in the formulation in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the seeds or seedlings or the plants derived from the seeds or seedlings. In some embodiments, both of the endophytes are heterologous to the seed. In some embodiments, the first and second endophytes are independently capable of metabolizing at least one of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin, or a combination of two or more thereof. In some embodiments, first endophyte comprises a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700.

In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein are disposed within a packaging material selected from a bag, box, bin, envelope, carton, or container. In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein comprise 1000 seed weight amount of seeds, wherein the packaging material optionally comprises a dessicant, and wherein the synthetic combination optionally comprises an anti-fungal agent.

In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein comprise a first endophyte that is localized on the surface of the seeds or seedlings; and/or obtained from a plant species other than the seeds or seedlings of the synthetic combination; and/or obtained from a plant cultivar different from the cultivar of the seeds or seedlings of the synthetic combination; and/or obtained from a plant cultivar that is the same as the cultivar of the seeds or seedlings of the synthetic combination.

In some embodiments, the synthetic compositions comprising a purified population in association with a plurality of seeds or seedlings of an agricultural plant the microbial population further comprise a second endophyte, for example, a second microbial endophyte having an 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence less than 95% identical to that of the first microbial endophyte. In some embodiments, the first and second endophytes are independently capable of at least one of production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof.

In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein comprise, for example, a first endophyte that is a bacterial endophyte; a first endophyte that is a bacterial endophyte and a second endophyte that is a bacterial endophyte; a first endophyte that is a bacterial endophyte and a second endophyte that is a fungal endophyte; a first endophyte that is a fungal endophyte; and/or a first endophyte that is a fungal endophyte and a second endophyte that is a fungal endophyte.

In the embodiments with a second endophyte, the bacterial endophyte can be, e.g., of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Acidovorax, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Chryseobacterium, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Saccharibacillus, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas; and/or the bacterial endophyte can be one with a 16S rRNA sequence that is at least 95% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671.

The fungal endophyte can be, e.g., of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Acremonium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Embellisia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, and Podospora and/or have an ITS rRNA at least 95% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700.

The synthetic combinations described herein can include, for example, a first endophyte capable of at least two of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, utilization of arabinose as a carbon source, and production of acetoin; and/or capable of metabolizing at least two of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin, or a combination of two or more thereof.

The synthetic combinations described herein can include, for example, a first endophyte comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any nucleic acid provided in Tables 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5-14, 16-23.

The synthetic combinations described herein can include, for example, first endophytes present in an amount of at least about 100 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, at least 1,000,000 CFU spores per seed.

In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein comprise a benefit selected from the group consisting of increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant. In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein comprise at least two benefits selected from the group consisting of increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased tolerance to low nitrogen stress, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome, relative to a reference plant.

In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein comprise seeds and the first endophyte is associated with the seeds as a coating on the surface of the seeds; and/or comprises seedlings and the first endophyte is contacted with the seedlings as a spray applied to one or more leaves and/or one or more roots of the seedlings; and/or further comprises one or more additional endophyte species.

The effective amount of the synthetic combinations described herein can be, for example, 1×10̂3 CFU or spores/per seed; from about 1×10̂2 CFU or spores/per seed to about 1×10̂8 CFU or spores/per seed.

In some embodiments, the seed is a seed from an agricultural plant. In some embodiments, the seed is a transgenic seed.

The synthetic combinations described herein can further comprise, e.g., one or more of the following: a stabilizer, or a preservative, or a carrier, or a surfactant, or an anticomplex agent, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the synthetic combinations described herein further comprising one or more of the following: fungicide, nematicide, bactericide, insecticide, and herbicide.

Also described herein are a plurality of any of the synthetic combinations described herein, placed in a medium that promotes plant growth, said medium selected from the group consisting of: soil, hydroponic apparatus, and artificial growth medium. In some embodiments, the plurality of synthetic combinations are placed in the soil in rows, with substantially equal spacing between each seed within each row. Also described herein are a plurality of synthetic combinations confined within an object selected from the group consisting of: bottle, jar, ampule, package, vessel, bag, box, bin, envelope, carton, container, silo, shipping container, truck bed, and case; in some embodiments, the synthetic combinations are shelf-stable.

Also described herein are plants grown from the synthetic combinations described herein, said plant exhibiting an improved phenotype of agronomic interest, selected from the group consisting of: disease resistance, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, cold tolerance, salinity tolerance, metal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, chemical tolerance, improved water use efficiency, improved nitrogen utilization, improved nitrogen fixation, pest resistance, herbivore resistance, pathogen resistance, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, health enhancement, vigor improvement, growth improvement, photosynthetic capability improvement, nutrition enhancement, altered protein content, altered oil content, increased biomass, increased shoot length, increased root length, improved root architecture, increased seed weight, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, number of pods, delayed senescence, stay-green, and altered seed protein composition. In one embodiment, described herein is a plant or progeny of the plant of the synthetic combinations described herein, wherein said plant or progeny of the plant comprises in at least one of its plant elements said endophytes.

Described herein is an agricultural plant, or portion or tissue thereof, comprising a formulation comprising an endophyte that is common to at least two donor plant types that is disposed on an exterior surface of or within the plant in an amount effective to colonize the plant, and in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the modern agricultural plant. In some embodiments, the endophyte comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence provided in Tables 5-14. Also described herein is a modern agricultural plant, or portion or tissue thereof, comprising a formulation comprising an endophytic microbial entity derived from an ancestral agricultural plant that is disposed on an exterior surface of or within the plant in an amount effective to colonize the plant, and in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the modern agricultural plant. In some embodiments, the endophyte comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence provided in Tables 16-23.

The plants described herein are provided a benefit that is, for example, selected from the group consisting of increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant. In some embodiments, at least two benefits are provided to the agricultural plant.

In some embodiments, the plant is contacted with at least 100 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, at least 1,000,000 CFU or spores or more, of the endophyte.

In some embodiments, the plant is a seed. In some embodiments, the plant is a seed and the population is disposed on the surface of the seed.

The plants described herein are can include at least two endophytic microbial entities comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any nucleic acid provided in Tables 1-10 in an amount effective to colonize the mature agricultural plant.

In some embodiments, the plant is a monocot, e.g., selected from the group consisting of corn, wheat, barley and rice. In some embodiments, the plant is a dicot, e.g., selected from the group consisting of a soybean, canola, cotton, tomato and pepper.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the endophyte can be disposed in an amount effective to be detectable within a target tissue of the mature target tissue of the mature agricultural plant selected from a fruit, seed, leaf, root or portion thereof.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the target tissue can be selected from the group consisting of the root, shoot, leaf, flower, fruit and seed.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the population can be detected in an amount of at least 100 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, at least 1,000,000 CFU or spores, or more, in the plant or target tissue thereof.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the population of is disposed in an amount effective to be detectable in the rhizosphere surrounding the plant. For example, the population can be detected in an amount of at least 100 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, at least 1,000,000 CFU or spores, or more, in the rhizosphere surrounding the plant.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the population is disposed in an amount effective to detectably increase the biomass of the plant. For example, the biomass of the plant can be detectably increased by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the population is disposed in an amount effective to increase the biomass of a fruit or seed of the plant. For example, the biomass of the fruit or seed of the plant can be detectably increased by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with the fruit or seed of a reference agricultural plant.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the population is disposed in an amount effective to increase the height of the plant. For example, the height of the plant can be detectably increased by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with the height of a reference agricultural plant.

In some embodiments of the plants described herein, the population is disposed in an amount effective to effective to increase resistance to any of the stress conditions selected from the group consisting of a drought stress, heat stress, cold stress, salt stress, and low mineral stress. For example, the population can be disposed in an amount effective to effective to increase resistance to any of the biotic stress conditions selected from the group consisting of a nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, bacterial pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress.

Also described herein is agricultural product comprising a 1000 seed weight amount of a synthetic compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the endophytes are present in a concentration of from about 10̂2 to about 10̂5 CFU or spores/ml or from about 10̂5 to about 10̂8 CFU or spores/seed. In some embodiments, the benefit is selected from the group consisting of: increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased tolerance to low nitrogen stress, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant, or a combination thereof.

Described herein are commodity plant products comprising the plants described herein. In some embodiments, the product is a grain, a flour, a starch, a syrup, a meal, an oil, a film, a packaging, a nutraceutical product, a pulp, an animal feed, a fish fodder, a bulk material for industrial chemicals, a cereal product, a processed human-food product, a sugar or an alcohol and protein. Also described herein are method of producing a commodity plant product, comprising: obtaining a plant or plant tissue from any of the plants described herein, or progeny or derivative thereof, and producing the commodity plant product therefrom.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Non-metric multidimensional scaling plot showing the differences in overall bacterial community composition between (A) wild and modern corn seeds and (B) wild and modern wheat seeds. Points represent community composition for an individual sample. Points closer together represent more similar communities while points further apart represent more dissimilar communities.

FIG. 2. Non-metric multidimensional scaling plot showing the differences in overall fungal community composition between (A) wild and modern corn seeds and (B) wild and modern wheat seeds. Points represent community composition for an individual sample. Points closer together represent more similar communities while points further apart represent more dissimilar communities.

FIG. 3. Differences in seed bacterial diversity among various cultivars of corn. Shown are the Shannon Diversity indices of bacterial communities found in Teosinte, Landrace, Inbred and Modern cultivars of corn.

FIG. 4. Differences in seed bacterial diversity among various cultivars of wheat. Shown are the Shannon Diversity indices of bacterial communities found in Wild, Landrace and Modern cultivars of wheat.

FIG. 5. Differences in seed fungal diversity across different cultivars of corn. Shown are the Shannon Diversity indices of fungal communities found in Teosinte, Landrace, Inbred and Modern cultivars of corn, illustrating the lower diversity of fungal communities within modern corn.

FIG. 6. Differences in seed fungal diversity across different cultivars of wheat. Shown are the Shannon Diversity indices of fungal communities found in Wild, Landrace and Modern cultivars of wheat which, as with corn, demonstrate a reduced diversity of fungal communities within modern corn.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have undertaken a systematic comparison of the microbial communities that reside within a wide diversity of agricultural plants. The present invention is based on the striking finding that key constituents of the plant microbiome can be shared across diverse crop varieties, and the identification of bacterial and fungal species that provide diverse advantages to novel crop hosts via heterologous administration. As such, the endophytic microbes useful for the invention generally relate to endophytic microbes that are present in agricultural plants.

Currently, the generally accepted view of plant endophytic communities focuses on their homologous derivation, predominantly from the soil communities in which the plants are grown (Hallman, J., et al., (1997) Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 43(10): 895-914). Upon observing taxonomic overlap between the endophytic and soil microbiota in A. thaliana, it was stated, “Our rigorous definition of an endophytic compartment microbiome should facilitate controlled dissection of plant-microbe interactions derived from complex soil communities” (Lundberg et al., (2012) Nature. 488, 86-90). There is strong support in the art for soil representing the repository from which plant endophytes are derived. New Phytologist (2010) 185: 554-567. Notable plant-microbe interactions such as mycorrhyzal fungi and bacterial rhizobia fit the paradigm of soil-based colonization of plant hosts and appear to primarily establish themselves independently of seed. As a result of focusing attention on the derivation of endophytes from the soil in which the target agricultural plant is currently growing, there has been an inability to achieve commercially significant improvements in plant yields and other plant characteristics such as altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant.

In part, the present invention describes preparations of novel seed- or plant-derived endophytes, and the creation of synthetic combinations of agricultural seeds and/or seedlings with heterologous seed- or plant-derived endophytes and formulations containing the synthetic combinations, as well as the recognition that such synthetic combinations display a diversity of beneficial properties present in the agricultural plants and the associated endophyte populations newly created by the present inventors. Such beneficial properties include metabolism, transcript expression, proteome alterations, morphology, and the resilience to a variety of environmental stresses, and the combination of a plurality of such properties.

Little attention has been provided in the art to understand the role of plant elements as reservoirs for microbes that can efficiently populate the endosphere of agricultural plants. While the concept that plant elements may harbor plant pathogens was promoted by Baker and Smith (Annu Rev Phytopathol 14: 311-334(1966)), and the understanding that bacterial and fungal pathogens are known to be able to infect plant elements, the ability to harness endophytes derived from a broad spectrum of plant elements to heterologously confer single or multiple advantages to agricultural crops was previously unrecognized. As the presence of detectable pathogens in a plant element lot can necessitate destruction of vast numbers of agricultural germplasm (Gitaitis, R. and Walcott, R. (2007) Annu Rev. Phytopathol. 45:371-97), safety concerns have surrounded the consideration of seed-associated microbes or non-soil endophytes. Moreover, when seed pathogens are detected, their transfer to the growing plant can be highly inefficient. For example, a study of seed-based transmission of the seed pathogen, Pantoea stewartii, found that seed produced from a population of pathogen-infected plants gave rise to infected seedlings in only 0.0029% of cases (1 of 34,924 plants) and artificially infected kernels only gave rise to infected seedlings in 0.022% of cases (Block, C. C., el al., (1998). Plant disease. 82(7). 775-780). Thus, the efficiency with which plants introduce microbes into their seeds, and with which microbes within seeds propagate within the resulting plant tissues, has been previously thought to be low and often substantially variable. Thus, the potential for microbial content within seeds to populate the resulting plant has been unclear.

The potential for agricultural plant elements to serve as reservoirs for non-pathogenic microbes also remains controversial (Hallman, J., et al., (1997) Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 43(10): 895-914). Sato, et al., did not detect any bacteria inside rice seeds ((2003) In. Morishima, H. (ed.) The Natural History of Wild Rice—Evolution Ecology of Crop. p. 91-106) and Mundt and Hinkle only obtained endophytes from seed samples where seed coats had been broken or fractured in 29 kinds of plant seed (Appl Environ Microbiol. (1976) 32(5):694-8). Another group detected simply bacterial populations inside rice seeds ranging in population size from 10̂2 to 10̂6 CFU/g fresh weight (Okunishi, S., et al., (2005) Microbes and Environment. 20:168-177). Rosenblueth et al described seeds to harbor very simple microbial communities with significant variability of the microbial communities between individual maize seeds, including substantial variability between seeds taken from the same cobb (Rosenblueth, M. et al, Seed Bacterial Endophytes: Common Genera, Seed-to-Seed Variability and Their Possible Role in Plants; Proc. XXVIIIth IHC-IS on Envtl., Edaphic & Gen. Factors; Affecting Plants, Seeds and Turfgrass; Eds.: G. E. Welbaum et al. Acta Hort. 938, ISHS 2012).

These findings demonstrate limitations recognized in the art regarding the attempted use of endophytes derived from seeds; i.e., maize seeds appear to contain limited taxonomic diversity, and that the microbiota of individual seeds produced by plants is often distinct, indicating that there may not be single seed- or plant-derived symbionts capable of providing benefits across a large population of agricultural plants and in specific, the utilization of endophytes on seed. For example, characterization of ˜15 pooled seeds from within various cultivars from the genus Zea showed that populations of maize seeds tend to harbor a very limited number of taxa that appear to be conserved across modern and ancestral variants, and that the maize seed content of such taxa is low and substantially variable. It is unclear whether the presence of such limited taxa resulted from common storage conditions, environmental contamination, or a potential vertical transmission of microbes via seeds, and also uncertain was the applicability of such limited taxa in increasing agricultural yield. Notably, 99% of these strains were shown to provide detrimental or to lack beneficial effects on agricultural plants, e.g., when tested in a potato growth assay (Johnston-Monje D, Raizada M N (2011) Conservation and Diversity of Seed Associated Endophytes in Zea across Boundaries of Evolution, Ethnography and Ecology. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020396). Further, some of the microbes isolated bear close evolutionary relation to plant pathogens, making it possible that such microbes represent a latent reservoir of pathogens, rather than potentially beneficial constituents.

Surprisingly, we discovered here that seed- or plant-derived endophytes can confer significant advantages to agricultural crops, spanning growth under normal and stressed conditions, altered expression of key plant hormones, altered expression of key transcripts in the plant, and other desirable features. Provided are novel compositions, methods, and products related our invention's ability to overcome the limitations of the prior art in order to provide reliable increases in crop yield, biomass, germination, vigor, stress resilience, and other properties to agricultural crops.

Our invention is surprising for multiple reasons based on the previous demonstrations in the art. Notably, there has been a lack of clarity related to whether endophytes are associated with healthy plant elements, whether microbes isolated from plant elements could efficiently colonize the host if disposed on the exterior of a plant element or seedling, and whether such microbes would confer a beneficial or detrimental effects on hosts. It has been further unclear whether the heterologous application of such microbes to distinct plant elements from which they were derived could provide beneficial effects.

We find that beneficial microbes from within the conserved microbial taxa can be robustly derived from agricultural plant elements, optionally cultured, administered heterologously to agricultural plant elements or seedlings, and colonize the resulting plant tissues with high efficiency to confer multiple beneficial properties. This is surprising given the variability observed in the art in microbe isolation from healthy plant elements and the previous observations of inefficient plant element pathogen colonization of plant host's tissues. Further, the ability of heterologously disposed seed- or plant-derived endophytes to colonize seeds and seedlings from the exterior of seeds is surprising, given that such endophytes can be isolated from within internal seed tissues and therefore do not natively need the capacity to externally penetrate and invade into host tissues.

Prior characterization of microbial content of seeds has indicated that microbial concentrations in seeds can be variable and are generally very low (ie, less than 10, 100, 10̂3, 10̂4, 10̂5 CFUs/seed). As such, it has been unclear whether altered or increased concentrations of microbes associated with seeds could be beneficial. We find that microbes can confer beneficial properties across a range of concentrations.

A significant limitation of the existing art in endophytes is the very limited perspective on endophyte community compositions across a diversity of plant genotypes and environments. This has led to endophyte isolations that have lacked the ability to colonize multiple hosts or to reproducibly confer benefits in multiple locations and soil types.

The inventors conceived that the bacterial and fungal microbiota of large numbers of agricultural seeds and wild seeds from a diversity of geographic locations would have an improved ability to colonize and benefit multiple plant genotypes across multiple environments. The inventors have developed a method to introduce isolated endophytes to another plant by coating the microbes onto the surface of a seed of a plant. By combining an endophyte sourced from one plant, it is possible to transfer new beneficial agronomic traits onto an agricultural plant, which therefore holds great promise for increasing agricultural productivity. Additionally, as demonstrated herein, the microbial endophytes were in many cases able to additively confer benefits to recipient seeds, seedlings, or plants.

Combining a selected plant species, OTU, strain or cultivar with one or more types of endophytes thus provides mechanisms by which, alone or in parallel with plant breeding and transgenic technologies, is provided improved yield from crops and generation of products thereof. Therefore, in one aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic combination of a seed of a first plant and a preparation of an endophyte that is coated onto the surface of the seed of the first plant such that the endophyte is present at a higher level on the surface of the seed than is present on the surface of an uncoated reference seed, wherein the endophyte is isolated from the inside the seed of a second plant. As described herein, the combination is achieved by artificial coating, application, or other infection of a seed of a plant with an endophyte strain. In some embodiments, endophytes are introduced onto the surface of host plant seeds, which upon cultivation confer improved agronomic traits to said host plant, which may then generate progeny seeds.

DEFINITIONS

A “synthetic combination” includes a combination of a host plant and an endophyte. The combination may be achieved, for example, by coating the surface of the seed of a plant, such as an agricultural plant, or host plant tissues with an endophyte.

As used herein, an “agricultural seed” is a seed used to grow a plant in agriculture (an “agricultural plant”). The seed may be of a monocot or dicot plant, and is planted for the production of an agricultural product, for example grain, food, feed, fiber, fuel, etc. As used herein, an agricultural seed is a seed that is prepared for planting, for example, in farms for growing.

An “endophyte” or “endophytic entity” or “endophytic microbe” is an organism capable of living within a plant or is otherwise associated therewith, and does not cause disease or harm the plant otherwise. Endophytes can occupy the intracellular or extracellular spaces of plant tissue, including the leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, or roots. An endophyte can be for example a bacterial or fungal organism, and can confer a beneficial property to the host plant such as an increase in yield, biomass, resistance, or fitness. An endophyte can be a fungus, or a bacterium. As used herein, the term “microbe” is sometimes used to describe an endophyte. Further, “endophyte” means a microbe (typically a fungus or a bacterium) that is associated with a plant tissue and is in a symbiotic or other beneficial relationship with said plant tissue. As used herein, an “endophytic component” refers to a composition or structure that is part of the endophyte.

As used herein, the term “bacteria” or “bacterium” refers in general to any prokaryotic organism, and may reference an organism from either Kingdom Eubacteria (Bacteria), Kingdom Archaebacteria (Archae), or both. “Internal Transcribed Spacer” (ITS) refers to the spacer DNA (non-coding DNA) situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript.

A “complex network” means a plurality of endophyte entities (e.g., simple bacteria or simple fungi, complex fungi, or combinations thereof) co-localized in an environment, such as on or within an agricultural plant. Preferably, a complex network includes two or more types of endophyte entities that synergistically interact, such synergistic endophytic populations capable of providing a benefit to the agricultural seed, seedling, or plant derived thereby.

A “population” of endophytes refers to the presence of more than one endophyte in a particular environment. The population may comprise more than one individual of the same taxonomy or more than one taxonomy of individuals. For example, a population may comprise 10̂2 colonies of Cladosporium. In another example, a population may comprise 10̂2 colonies of Cladosporium and 10̂3 colonies of Penicillium. A population may in general, but not be limited to, comprises individuals that are related by some feature, such as being in the same environment at the same time, or by virtue of sharing some phenotype such as ability to metabolize a particular substrate.

The terms “pathogen” and “pathogenic” in reference to a bacterium or fungus includes any such organism that is capable of causing or affecting a disease, disorder or condition of a host comprising the organism.

A “spore” or a population of “spores” refers to bacteria or fungi that are generally viable, more resistant to environmental influences such as heat and bactericidal or fungicidal agents than other forms of the same bacteria or fungi, and typically capable of germination and out-growth. Bacteria and fungi that are “capable of forming spores” are those bacteria and fungi comprising the genes and other necessary abilities to produce spores under suitable environmental conditions.

As used herein, a “colony-forming unit” (“CFU”) is used as a measure of viable microorganisms in a sample. A CFU is an individual viable cell capable of forming on a solid medium a visible colony whose individual cells are derived by cell division from one parental cell.

The term “isolated” is intended to specifically reference an organism, cell, tissue, polynucleotide, or polypeptide that is removed from its original source and purified from additional components with which it was originally associated. For example, an endophyte may be considered isolated from a seed if it is removed from that seed source and purified so that it is isolated from any additional components with which it was originally associated. Similarly, an endophyte may be removed and purified from a plant or plant element so that it is isolated and no longer associated with its source plant or plant element.

A “plant element” is intended to generically reference either a whole plant or a plant component, including but not limited to plant tissues, parts, and cell types. A plant element is preferably one of the following: whole plant, seedling, meristematic tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue, seed, leaf, root, shoot, stem, flower, fruit, stolon, bulb, tuber, corm, kelkis, shoot, bud. As used herein, a “plant element” is synonymous to a “portion” of a plant, and refers to any part of the plant, and can include distinct tissues and/or organs, and may be used interchangeably with the term “tissue” throughout.

Similarly, a “plant reproductive element” is intended to generically reference any part of a plant that is able to initiate other plants via either sexual or asexual reproduction of that plant, for example but not limited to: seed, seedling, root, shoot, stolon, bulb, tuber, corm, keikis, or bud.

A “population” of plants, as used herein, can refer to a plurality of plants that were subjected to the same inoculation methods described herein, or a plurality of plants that are progeny of a plant or group of plants that were subjected to the inoculation methods. In addition, a population of plants can be a group of plants that are grown from coated seeds. The plants within a population will typically be of the same species, and will also typically share a common genetic derivation.

As used herein, an “agricultural seed” is a seed used to grow a plant typically used in agriculture (an “agricultural plant”). The seed may be of a monocot or dicot plant, and may be planted for the production of an agricultural product, for example feed, food, fiber, fuel, etc. As used herein, an agricultural seed is a seed that is prepared for planting, for example, in farms for growing.

“Agricultural plants”, or “plants of agronomic importance”, include plants that are cultivated by humans for food, feed, fiber, and fuel purposes. Agricultural plants include monocotyledonous species such as: maize (Zea mays), common wheat (Triticum aestivum), spelt (Triticum spelta), einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum), emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum), durum wheat (Triticum durum), Asian rice (Oryza sativa), African rice (Oryza glabaerreima), wild rice (Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia, Zizania palustris, Zizania texana), barley (Hordeum vulgare), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Foxtail millet (Setaria italica), Oat (Avena sativa), Triticale (Triticosecale), rye (Secale cereal), Russian wild rye (Psathyrostachys juncea), bamboo (Bambuseae), or sugarcane (e.g., Saccharum arundinaceum, Saccharum barberi, Saccharum bengalense, Saccharum edule, Saccharum munja, Saccharum officinarum, Saccharum procerum, Saccharum ravennae, Saccharum robustum, Saccharum sinense, or Saccharum spontaneum); as well as dicotyledonous species such as: soybean (Glycine max), canola and rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus), cotton (genus Gossypium), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cassava (genus Manihot), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pea (Pisum sativum), chick pea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), flax (Linum usitatissimum) and many varieties of vegetables.

A “host plant” includes any plant, particularly a plant of agronomic importance, which an endophytic entity such as an endophyte can colonize. As used herein, an endophyte is said to “colonize” a plant or seed when it can be stably detected within the plant or seed over a period time, such as one or more days, weeks, months or years, in other words, a colonizing entity is not transiently associated with the plant or seed. Such host plants are preferably plants of agronomic importance. It is contemplated that any element, or more than one element, of the host plant may be colonized with an endophyte to thus confer a host status to the plant. The initial inoculated element may additionally be different than the element to which the endophyte localizes. An endophyte may localize to different elements of the same plant in a spatial or temporal manner. For example, a seed may be inoculated with an endophyte, and upon germination, the endophyte may localize to root tissue.

A “non-host target” means an organism or chemical compound that is altered in some way after contacting a host plant or host fungus that comprises an endophyte, as a result of a property conferred to the host plant or host fungus by the endophyte.

As used herein, an “ancestral” variety of a plant refers generally to a variety or species of a plant that is either a wild ancestor or undomesticated species of agricultural plants. Such ancestral varieties are generally distinguished from agricultural plants used in large-scale agricultural practices in use today in that the ancestral varieties were not extensively bred, and are generally open-pollinated. As used herein, ancestral varieties include landrace varieties, heirloom varieties, and progenitor species.

A “modern” variety of a plant refers to a non-ancestral variety of a plant.

As used herein, a “hybrid plant” refers generally refers to a plant that is the product of a cross between two genetically different parental plants. A hybrid plant is generated by either a natural or artificial process of hybridization whereby the entire genome of one species, variety cultivar, breeding line or individual plant is combined intra- or interspecifically into the genome of species, variety or cultivar or line, breeding line or individual plant by crossing.

An “inbred plant”, as used herein, refers to a plant or plant line that has been repeatedly crossed or inbred to achieve a high degree of genetic uniformity, and low heterozygosity, as is known in the art.

The term “isoline” is a comparative term, and references organisms that are genetically identical, but may differ in treatment. In one example, two genetically identical maize plant embryos may be separated into two different groups, one receiving a treatment (such as transformation with a heterologous polynucleotide, to create a genetically modified plant) and one control that does not receive such treatment. Any phenotypic differences between the two groups may thus be attributed solely to the treatment and not to any inherency of the plant's genetic makeup. In another example, two genetically identical seeds may be treated with a formulation that introduces an endophyte composition. Any phenotypic differences between the plants grown from those seeds may be attributed to the treatment, thus forming an isoline comparison.

Similarly, by the term “reference agricultural plant”, it is meant an agricultural plant of the same species, strain, or cultivar to which a treatment, formulation, composition or endophyte preparation as described herein is not administered/contacted. A reference agricultural plant, therefore, is identical to the treated plant with the exception of the presence of the endophyte and can serve as a control for detecting the effects of the endophyte that is conferred to the plant.

A “reference environment” refers to the environment, treatment or condition of the plant in which a measurement is made. For example, production of a compound in a plant associated with an endophyte can be measured in a reference environment of drought stress, and compared with the levels of the compound in a reference agricultural plant under the same conditions of drought stress. Alternatively, the levels of a compound in plant associated with an endophyte and reference agricultural plant can be measured under identical conditions of no stress.

In some embodiments, the invention contemplates the use of microbes that are “exogenous” to a seed or plant. As used herein, a microbe is considered exogenous to the seed or plant if the seed or seedling that is unmodified (e.g., a seed or seedling that is not treated with the endophytic microbial population descried herein) does not contain the microbe.

In some embodiments, a microbe can be “endogenous” to a seed or plant. As used herein, a microbe is considered “endogenous” to a plant or seed, if the endophyte or endophyte component is derived from, or is otherwise found in, a plant element of the plant specimen from which it is sourced. In embodiments in which an endogenous endophyte is applied, the endogenous microbe is applied in an amount that differs from the levels typically found in the plant.

In some embodiments, the invention uses endophytes that are heterologous to a plant element, for example in making synthetic combinations or agricultural formulations. A microbe is considered heterologous to the seed or plant if the seed or seedling that is unmodified (e.g., a seed or seedling that is not treated with an endophyte population described herein) does not contain detectable levels of the microbe. For example, the invention contemplates the synthetic combinations of seeds or seedlings of agricultural plants and an endophytic microbe population (e.g., an isolated bacterium), in which the microbe population is “heterologously disposed” on the exterior surface of or within a tissue of the agricultural seed or seedling in an amount effective to colonize the plant. A microbe is considered “heterologously disposed” on the surface or within a plant (or tissue) when the microbe is applied or disposed on the plant in a number that is not found on that plant before application of the microbe. For example, an endophyte population that is disposed on an exterior surface or within the seed can be an endophytic bacterium that may be associated with the mature plant, but is not found on the surface of or within the seed. As such, a microbe is deemed heterologously disposed when applied on the plant that either does not naturally have the microbe on its surface or within the particular tissue to which the microbe is disposed, or does not naturally have the microbe on its surface or within the particular tissue in the number that is being applied. The term “exogenous” can be used interchangeably with “heterologous.” For example, a fungal endophyte that is normally associated with leaf tissue of a cupressaceous tree sample would be considered heterologous to leaf tissue of a maize plant. In another example, an endophyte that is normally associated with leaf tissue of a maize plant is considered heterologous to a leaf tissue of another maize plant that naturally lacks said endophyte. In another example, a fungal endophyte that is normally associated at low levels in a plant is considered heterologous to that plant if a higher concentration of that endophyte is introduced into the plant. In another example, an endophyte that is comprised within one fungus would be considered heterologous if placed in a different fungus. In yet another example, an endophyte that is associated with a tropical grass species would be considered heterologous to a wheat plant.

For the avoidance of doubt, “heterologously disposed” contemplates use of microbes that are “exogenous” to a seed or plant.

In some cases, the present invention contemplates the use of microbes that are “compatible” with agricultural chemicals, for example, a fungicide, an anti-bacterial compound, or any other agent widely used in agricultural which has the effect of interfering with optimal growth of microbes. As used herein, a microbe is “compatible” with an agricultural chemical, when the microbe is modified or otherwise adapted to grow in, or otherwise survive, the concentration of the agricultural chemical used in agriculture. For example, a microbe disposed on the surface of a seed is compatible with the fungicide metalaxyl if it is able to survive the concentrations that are applied on the seed surface.

“Biomass” means the total mass or weight (fresh or dry), at a given time, of a plant tissue, plant tissues, an entire plant, or population of plants, usually given as weight per unit area. The term may also refer to all the plants or species in the community (community biomass).

Some of the compositions and methods described herein involve endophytic microbes in an amount effective to colonize a plant. As used herein, a microbe is said to “colonize” a plant or seed when it can exist in an endophytic relationship with the plant in the plant environment, for example inside the plant or a part or tissue thereof, including the seed.

The compositions and methods herein may provide for an improved “agronomic trait” or “trait of agronomic importance” to a host plant, which may include, but not be limited to, the following: altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, and a detectable modulation in the proteome, compared to an isoline plant grown from a seed without said seed treatment formulation.

As used herein, the terms “water-limited condition” and “drought condition”, or “water-limited” and “drought”, may be used interchangeably. For example, a method or composition for improving a plant's ability to grown under drought conditions means the same as the ability to grow under water-limited conditions. In such cases, the plant can be further said to display improved drought tolerance.

Additionally, “altered metabolic function” or “altered enzymatic function” may include, but not be limited to, the following: altered production of an auxin, altered nitrogen fixation, altered production of an antimicrobial compound, altered production of a siderophore, altered mineral phosphate solubilization, altered production of a cellulase, altered production of a chitinase, altered production of a xylanase, altered production of acetoin.

An “increased yield” can refer to any increase in biomass or seed or fruit weight, seed size, seed number per plant, seed number per unit area, bushels per acre, tons per acre, kilo per hectare, or carbohydrate yield. Typically, the particular characteristic is designated when referring to increased yield, e.g., increased grain yield or increased seed size.

“Agronomic trait potential” is intended to mean a capability of a plant element for exhibiting a phenotype, preferably an improved agronomic trait, at some point during its life cycle, or conveying said phenotype to another plant element with which it is associated in the same plant. For example, a seed may comprise an endophyte that will provide benefit to leaf tissue of a plant from which the seed is grown; in such case, the seed comprising such endophyte has the agronomic trait potential for a particular phenotype (for example, increased biomass in the plant) even if the seed itself does not display said phenotype.

By the term “capable of metabolizing” a particular carbon substrate, it is meant that the endophyte is able to utilize that carbon substrate as an energy source.

The term “synthetic combination” means a plurality of elements associated by human endeavor, in which said association is not found in nature. In the present invention, “synthetic combination” is used to refer to a treatment formulation associated with a plant element.

A “treatment formulation” refers to a mixture of chemicals that facilitate the stability, storage, and/or application of the endophyte composition(s). In some embodiments, an agriculturally compatible carrier can be used to formulate an agricultural formulation or other composition that includes a purified endophyte preparation. As used herein an “agriculturally compatible carrier” refers to any material, other than water, that can be added to a plant element without causing or having an adverse effect on the plant element (e.g., reducing seed germination) or the plant that grows from the plant element, or the like.

In some cases, the present invention contemplates the use of compositions that are “compatible” with agricultural chemicals, for example, a fungicide, an anti-complex compound, or any other agent widely used in agricultural which has the effect of killing or otherwise interfering with optimal growth of another organism. As used herein, a composition is “compatible” with an agricultural chemical when the organism is modified, such as by genetic modification, e.g., contains a transgene that confers resistance to an herbicide, or is adapted to grow in, or otherwise survive, the concentration of the agricultural chemical used in agriculture. For example, an endophyte disposed on the surface of a seed is compatible with the fungicide metalaxyl if it is able to survive the concentrations that are applied on the seed surface.

Some compositions described herein contemplate the use of an agriculturally compatible carrier. As used herein an “agriculturally compatible carrier” is intended to refer to any material, other than water, which can be added to a seed or a seedling without causing/having an adverse effect on the seed, the plant that grows from the seed, seed germination, or the like.

A “transgenic plant” includes a plant or progeny plant of any subsequent generation derived therefrom, wherein the DNA of the plant or progeny thereof contains an introduced exogenous DNA segment not naturally present in a non-transgenic plant of the same strain. The transgenic plant may additionally contain sequences that are native to the plant being transformed, but wherein the “exogenous” gene has been altered in order to alter the level or pattern of expression of the gene, for example, by use of one or more heterologous regulatory or other elements.

As used herein, a nucleic acid has “homology” or is “homologous” to a second nucleic acid if the nucleic acid sequence has a similar sequence to the second nucleic acid sequence. The terms “identity”, “percent sequence identity” or “identical” in the context of nucleic acid sequences refer to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. There are a number of different algorithms known in the art that can be used to measure nucleotide sequence identity. For instance, polynucleotide sequences can be compared using FASTA, Gap or Bestfit, which are programs in Wisconsin Package Version 10.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, Wis. FASTA provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences. Pearson, Methods Enzymol. 183:63-98 (1990). The term “substantial homology” or “substantial similarity,” when referring to a nucleic acid or fragment thereof, indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 76%, 80%, 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or Gap, as discussed above.

As used herein, the terms “operational taxonomic unit,” “OTU,” “taxon,” “hierarchical cluster,” and “cluster” are used interchangeably. An operational taxon unit (OTU) refers to a group of one or more organisms that comprises a node in a clustering tree. The level of a cluster is determined by its hierarchical order. In one embodiment, an OTU is a group tentatively assumed to be a valid taxon for purposes of phylogenetic analysis. In another embodiment, an OTU is any of the extant taxonomic units under study. In yet another embodiment, an OTU is given a name and a rank. For example, an OTU can represent a domain, a sub-domain, a kingdom, a sub-kingdom, a phylum, a sub-phylum, a class, a sub-class, an order, a sub-order, a family, a subfamily, a genus, a subgenus, or a species. In some embodiments, OTUs can represent one or more organisms from the kingdoms eubacteria, protista, or fungi at any level of a hierarchal order. In some embodiments, an OTU represents a prokaryotic or fungal order.

The terms “decreased”, “fewer”, “slower” and “increased” “faster” “enhanced” “greater” as used herein refers to a decrease or increase in a characteristic of the endophyte treated seed or resulting plant compared to an untreated seed or resulting plant. For example, a decrease in a characteristic may be at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least about 60%, at least 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least 100%, at least 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400% or more lower than the untreated control and an increase may be at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least about 60%, at least 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least 100%, at least 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400% or more higher than the untreated control.

The present invention is directed to methods and compositions of endophytes, and plant-endophyte combinations that confer a agronomic benefit in agricultural plants.

Endophytic Microbes

In part, the present invention describes preparations of novel seed- or plant-derived endophytes, including those that are conserved across diverse species and/or cultivars of agricultural plants, and the creation of synthetic combinations of agricultural seeds and/or seedlings with heterologous seed- or plant-derived endophytes and formulations containing the synthetic combinations, as well as the recognition that such synthetic combinations display a diversity of beneficial properties present in the agricultural plants and the associated endophyte populations newly created by the present inventors. Such beneficial properties include metabolism, transcript expression, proteome alterations, morphology, and the resilience to a variety of environmental stresses, and the combination of a plurality of such properties.

In a second aspect, the inventors have undertaken a systematic comparison of the microbial communities that reside within ancestral and closely related modern varieties of agricultural plants. The present invention is based on the striking differences the microbial composition between the ancestral and modern varieties, and the identification of bacterial and fungal species that are absent or vastly underrepresented in modern varieties. As such, the endophytic microbes useful for the invention generally relate to endophytic microbes that are present in ancestral varieties of plants.

Currently, the generally accepted view of plant endophytic communities focuses on their homologous derivation, predominantly from the soil communities in which the plants are grown (Hallman, J., et al., (1997) Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 43(10): 895-914). Upon observing taxonomic overlap between the endophytic and soil microbiota in A. thaliana, it was stated, “Our rigorous definition of an endophytic compartment microbiome should facilitate controlled dissection of plant-microbe interactions derived from complex soil communities” (Lundberg et al., (2012) Nature. 488, 86-90). There is strong support in the art for soil representing the repository from which plant endophytes are derived. New Phytologist (2010) 185: 554-567. Notable plant-microbe interactions such as mycorrhyzal fungi and bacterial rhizobia fit the paradigm of soil-based colonization of plant hosts and appear to primarily establish themselves independently of seed. As a result of focusing attention on the derivation of endophytes from the soil in which the target agricultural plant is currently growing, there has been an inability to achieve commercially significant improvements in plant yields and other plant characteristics such as: altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, or a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant.

Little attention has been provided in the art to understand the role of seeds as reservoirs for microbes that can efficiently populate the endosphere of agricultural plants. While the concept that seeds may harbor plant pathogens was promoted by Baker and Smith (Annu Rev Phytopathol 14: 311-334(1966)), and the understanding that bacterial and fungal pathogens are known to be able to infect seed, the ability to harness endophytes derived from a broad spectrum of seeds to heterologously confer single or multiple advantages to agricultural crops was previously unrecognized. As the presence of detectable pathogens in a seed lot can necessitate destruction of vast numbers of agricultural germplasm (Gitaitis, R. and Walcott, R. (2007) Annu Rev. Phytopathol. 45:371-97), safety concerns have surrounded the consideration of seed-associated microbes or non-soil endophytes. Moreover, when seed pathogens are detected, their transfer to the growing plant can be highly inefficient. For example, a study of seed-based transmission of the seed pathogen, Pantoea stewartii, found that seed produced from a population of pathogen-infected plants gave rise to infected seedlings in only 0.0029% of cases (1 of 34,924 plants) and artificially infected kernels only gave rise to infected seedlings in 0.022% of cases (Block, C. C., el al., (1998). Plant disease. 82(7). 775-780). Thus, the efficiency with which plants introduce microbes into their seeds, and with which microbes within seeds propagate within the resulting plant tissues, has been previously thought to be low and often substantially variable. Thus, the potential for microbial content within seeds to populate the resulting plant has been unclear.

The potential for agricultural seeds to serve as reservoirs for non-pathogenic microbes also remains controversial (Hallman, J., et al., (1997) Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 43(10): 895-914). Sato, et al., did not detect any bacteria inside rice seeds ((2003) In. Morishima, H. (ed.) The Natural History of Wild Rice—Evolution Ecology of Crop. p. 91-106) and Mundt and Hinkle only obtained endophytes from seed samples where seed coats had been broken or fractured in 29 kinds of plant seed (Appl Environ Microbiol. (1976) 32(5):694-8). Another group detected simply bacterial populations inside rice seeds ranging in population size from 10̂2 to 10̂6 CFU/g fresh weight (Okunishi, S., et al., (2005) Microbes and Environment. 20:168-177). Rosenblueth et al described seeds to harbor very simple microbial communities with significant variability of the microbial communities between individual maize seeds, including substantial variability between seeds taken from the same cob (Rosenblueth, M. et al, Seed Bacterial Endophytes: Common Genera, Seed-to-Seed Variability and Their Possible Role in Plants; Proc. XXVIIIth IHC-IS on Envtl., Edaphic & Gen. Factors; Affecting Plants, Seeds and Turf; Eds.: G. E. Welbaum et al. Acta Hort. 938, ISHS 2012).

These findings demonstrate limitations recognized in the art regarding the attempted use of endophytes derived from seeds; i.e., maize seeds appear to contain limited taxonomic diversity, and that the microbiota of individual seeds produced by plants is often distinct, indicating that there may not be single seed- or plant-derived symbionts capable of providing benefits across a large population of agricultural plants and in specific, the utilization of endophytes on seed. For example, characterization of ˜15 pooled seeds from within various cultivars from the genus Zea showed that populations of maize seeds tend to harbor a very limited number of taxa that appear to be conserved across modern and ancestral variants, and that the maize seed content of such taxa is low and substantially variable. It is unclear whether the presence of such limited taxa resulted from common storage conditions, environmental contamination, or a potential vertical transmission of microbes via seeds, and also uncertain was the applicability of such limited taxa in increasing agricultural yield. Notably, 99% of these strains were shown to provide detrimental or to lack beneficial effects on agricultural plants, e.g., when tested in a potato growth assay (Johnston-Monje D, Raizada M N (2011) Conservation and Diversity of Seed Associated Endophytes in Zea across Boundaries of Evolution, Ethnography and Ecology. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020396). Further, some of the microbes isolated bear close evolutionary relation to plant pathogens, making it possible that such microbes represent a latent reservoir of pathogens, rather than potentially beneficial constituents.

We discovered here that seed- or plant-derived endophytes can confer significant advantages to agricultural crops, spanning growth under normal and stressed conditions, altered expression of key plant hormones, altered expression of key transcripts in the plant, and other desirable features. Provided are novel compositions, methods, and products related our invention's ability to overcome the limitations of the prior art in order to provide reliable increases in crop yield, biomass, germination, vigor, stress resilience, and other properties to agricultural crops.

Our invention is surprising for multiple reasons based on the previous demonstrations in the art. Notably, there is a lack of clarity related to whether endophytes are associated with healthy seeds, whether microbes isolated from seeds could efficiently colonize the host if disposed on the exterior of a seed or seedling, and whether such microbes would confer a beneficial or detrimental effects on hosts. It is further unclear whether the heterologous application of such microbes to distinct seeds from which they were derived could provide beneficial effects.

We find that beneficial microbes can be robustly derived from agricultural seeds, optionally cultured, administered heterologously to agricultural seeds or seedlings, and colonize the resulting plant tissues with high efficiency to confer multiple beneficial properties. This is surprising given the variability observed in the art in microbe isolation from healthy seeds and the previous observations of inefficient seed pathogen colonization of plant host's tissues. Further, the ability of heterologously disposed seed- or plant-derived endophytes to colonize seeds and seedlings from the exterior of seeds is surprising, given that such endophytes can be isolated from within internal seed tissues and therefore do not natively need the capacity to externally penetrate and invade into host tissues.

Prior characterization of microbial content of seeds has indicated that microbial concentrations in seeds can be variable and are generally very low (ie, less than 10, 100, 10̂3, 10̂4, 10̂5 CFUs/seed). As such, it is unclear whether altered or increased concentrations of microbes associated with seeds could be beneficial. We find that microbes can confer beneficial properties across a range of concentrations.

We find that seed- or plant-derived endophytes can be heterologously disposed onto seedlings of a distinct cultivar, species, or crop type and confer benefits to those new recipients. For example, seed- or plant-derived endophytes from corn cultivars are heterologously provided to wheat cultivars to confer a benefit. This is surprising given the observations of distinct microbiome preferences in distinct plant and mammalian hosts and, in particular, the likelihood that microbes derived from seeds have been co-evolved to be specialized to a particular host.

As used herein, endophytes can be isolated from seeds of many distinct plants. In one embodiment, the endophyte can be isolated from the seed of the same crop, and can be from the same cultivar or variety as the seed onto which it is to be coated. For example, seed endophytes from a particular corn variety can be isolated and coated onto the surface of a corn seed of the same variety. In one particular embodiment, the seed of the first plant that is to be coated with the endophyte can comprise a detectable amount of the same endophyte in the interior of the seed. In another embodiment, the seed of the first plant that is to be coated with the endophyte can comprise a detectable amount of the same endophyte in the exterior of the seed. For example, an uncoated reference seed may contain a detectable amount of the same endophyte within its seed. In yet another embodiment, the endophyte to be coated onto the seed of the plant is a microbe that is detectably present in the interior and exterior of the seed from which the endophyte is derived.

In another embodiment, the endophyte can be isolated from a related species (e.g., an endophyte isolated from Triticum monococcum (einkorn wheat) can be coated onto the surface of a T. aestivum (common wheat) seed; or, an endophyte from Hordeum vulgare (barley) can be isolated and coated onto the seed of another member of the Triticeae family, for example, seeds of the rye plant, Secale cereale). In still another embodiment, the endophyte can be isolated from the seed of a plant that is distantly related to the seed onto which the endophyte is to be coated. For example, a tomato-derived endophyte is isolated and coated onto a rice seed.

In one embodiment, the endophyte is an endophytic microbe that was isolated from a different plant than the inoculated plant. For example, in one embodiment, the endophyte can be an endophyte isolated from a different plant of the same species as the inoculated plant. In some cases, the endophyte can be isolated from a species related to the inoculated plant.

We further find that combinations of heterologously disposed seed- or plant-derived endophytes confer additive advantages to plants, including multiple functional properties and resulting in seed, seedling, and plant hosts that display single or multiple improved agronomic properties.

In another embodiment, the endophytic microbe is absent in a seed of a modern variety of a plant. In still another embodiment, the endophytic microbe is detectably underrepresented in the seed of a modern variety of a plant when compared with a related ancestral variety.

According to the present invention, the endophytic microbe can be a bacterium. In some embodiments of the present invention, the endophyte is a member of one of the following taxa: Achromobacter, Acidithiobacillus, Acidovorax, Acidovoraz, Acinetobacter, Actinoplanes, Adlercreutzia, Aerococcus, Aeromonas, Afipia, Agromyces, Ancylobacter, Arthrobacter, Atopostipes, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Bdellovibrio, Beijerinckia, Bosea, Bradyrhizobium, Brevibacillus, Brevundimonas, Burkholderia, Candidatus Haloredivivus, Caulobacter, Cellulomonas, Cellvibrio, Chryseobacterium, Citrobacter, Clostridium, Coraliomargarita, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, Curtobacterium, Curvibacter, Deinococcus, Delftia, Desemzia, Devosia, Dokdonella, Dyella, Enhydrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Erwinia, Escherichia, Escherichia/Shigella, Exiguobacterium, Ferroglobus, Filimonas, Finegoldia, Flavisolibacter, Flavobacterium, Frigoribacterium, Gluconacetobacter, Hafnia, Halobaculum, Halomonas, Halosimplex, Herbaspirillum, Hymenobacter, Klebsiella, Kocuria, Kosakonia, Lactobacillus, Leclercia, Lentzea, Luteibacter, Luteimonas, Massilia, Mesorhizobium, Methylobacterium, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Microvirga, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Nocardia, Oceanibaculum, Ochrobactrum, Okibacterium, Oligotropha, Oryzihumus, Oxalophagus, Paenibacillus, Panteoa, Pantoea, Pelomonas, Perlucidibaca, Plantibacter, Polynucleobacter, Propionibacterium, Propioniciclava, Pseudoclavibacter, Pseudomonas, Pseudonocardia, Pseudoxanthomonas, Psychrobacter, Ralstonia, Rheinheimera, Rhizobium, Rhodococcus, Rhodopseudomonas, Roseateles, Ruminococcus, Sebaldella, Sediminibacillus, Sediminibacterium, Serratia, Shigella, Shinella, Sinorhizobium, Sinosporangium, Sphingobacterium, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, Sphingosinicella, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Strenotrophomonas, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Stygiolobus, Sulfurisphaera, Tatumella, Tepidimonas, Thermomonas, Thiobacillus, Variovorax, WPS-2_genera_incertae_sedis, Xanthomonas, Zimmermannella.

In one embodiment, the endophytic bacterium is of a family selected from the group consisting of: Bacillaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Methylobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Paenibacillileae, Pseudomonnaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae.

In one embodiment, the endophytic bacterium is of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Acidovorax, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Chryseobacterium, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Saccharibacillus, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.

In one embodiment, the endophytic bacterium comprising in its genome a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671.

In one embodiment, the endophytic bacterium comprises in its genome a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical or 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671.

In another embodiment, the endophytic microbe is a fungus. In some embodiments of the present invention, the endophyte is a member of one the following taxa: Acidomyces acidophilus, Acremonium alternatum, Acremonium pteridii, Acremonium strictum, Acrodictys elaeidicola, Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, Albatrellus higanensis, Albonectria rigidiuscula, Alternaria alternate, Alternaria arborescens, Alternaria conjuncta, Alternaria helianthi, Alternaria longipes, Alternaria malorum, Alternaria metachromatica, Alternaria oregonensis, Alternaria photistica, Alternaria protenta, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria triticina, Alternaria zinniae, Amorphotheca resinae, Ampelomyces humuli, Anthostomella protege, Apiognomonia errabunda, Aposphaeria populina, Arthrinium sacchari, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Athelia bombacina, Aureobasidium pullulans, Bartalinia laurinia, Bartalinia pondoensis, Bartalinia robillardoides, Beauveria bassiana, Bionectria ochroleuca, Bipolaris papendorfii, Boeremia exigua var. exigua, Botryosphaeria rhodina, Botrytis cinerea, Brachysporium nigrum, Cadophora (Phialophora) finlandica, Camarosporium palliatum, Camarosporium propinquum, Candida tropicalis, Capnodium coffeae, Ceratobasidium cornigerum, Ceratobasidium obscurum, Cercophora terricola, Chaetomium globosum, Chaetomium sphaerale, Chaetosphaeria endophytica, Chaetosphaeria ovoidea, Chaunopycnis alba, Chaunopycnis pustulata, Chloridium phaeosporum, Chloridium preussii, Chromelosporium fulvum, Cladorrhinum bulbillosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium edgeworthrae, Cladosporium herbarum, Cladosporium orchidis, Cladosporium oxysporum, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Clonostachys rosea, Clonostachys rosea f. catenulate, Cochliobolus australiensis, Cochliobolus geniculatus, Cochliobolus hawaiiensis, Cochliobolus lunatus, Cochliobolus tuberculatus, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum capsici, Colletotrichum crassipes, Colletotrichum dematium, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum magna, Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Colletotrichum truncatum, Coniella minima, Coniochaeta tetraspora, Coniochaeta velutina, Coniophora puteana, Coprinellus disseminates, Coprinellys radians, Cordyceps sinensis, Corynascus kuwaitiensis, Corynespora cassiicola, Crinipellis roreri, Cryphonectria parasitica, Cryptococcus victoriae, Curvularia affinis, Curvularia oryzae, Curvularia senegalensis, Curvularia sichuanensis, Cytosphaera mangiferae, Cytospora eucalypticola, Daldinia eschscholzi., Davidiella tassiana, Debaryomyces hansenii, Deightoniella torulosa, Diaporthe cynaroidis, Diaporthe eres, Diaporthe helianthi, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Dictyochaeta triseptata, Dothiorella aromatics, Dothiorella dominicana, Drechslera ellisii, Elsinoe veneta, Embellisia eureka, Emericella nidulans, Engyodontium album, Epicoccum nigrum, Epulorhiza anaticula, Epulorhiza repens, Eurotium amstelodami, Exserohilum rostratum, Fasciatispora petrakii, Fimetariella rabenhorstii, Fomes fomentarius, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis ostreiformis, Fomitopsis pinicola, Fusarium anthophilum, Fusarium aquaeductuum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium bulbicola, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium incarnatum, Fusarium lichenicola, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium polyphialidicum, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium pulverosum, Fusarium semitectum var. majus, Fusarium solani, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium tricinctum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusicladium britannicum, Ganoderma tsugae, Geomyces vinaceus, Gibberella avenacea, Gibberella baccata, Gibberella fujikuroi, Gibberella moniliformis, Gibberella zeae, Gliomastix murorum, Glomerella cingulata, Glomerella cingulate, Guignardi bidwelli, Guignardia camelliae, Guignardia citricarpa, Guignardia cocoicola, Guignardia mangiferae, Guignardia mangiferae, Guignardia vaccinii, Haematonectria haematococca, Haplotrichum minitissimum, Helgardia anguioides, Helminthosporium chlorophorae, Hypocrea vixens, Hypoxylon fragiforme, Hypoxylon serpens, Hypoxylon stygium, Idriella amazonica, Idriella asaicola, Idriella euterpes, Idriella licualae, Ilyonectria radicicola, Kabatiella caulivora, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kretzschmaria deusta, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Laspora coronate, Leiosphaerella cocöes, Lentinus squarrosulus, Lepteutypa cupressi, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, Leptosphaerulina trifolii, Letendraeopsis palmarum, Leucostoma niveum, Lewia eureka, Lewia eureka, Lunulospora curvula, Macrophomina phaseolina, Malbranchea circinate, Massarina arundinariae, Melanospora zamiae, Melanotus subcuneiformis, Melanotus subcuneiformis, Microascus cinereus, Minimidochium setosum, Moniliopsis anomala, Monodictys levis, Morchella elata, Mortierella alpine, Mucor fragilis, Mucor racemosus, Muscodor albus, Mycena murina, Mycocentrospora acerina, Myriangium duriaei, Nectria haematococca, Nemania aenea, Nemania bipapillata, Nemania serpens, Neofusicoccum mangiferae, Neotyphodium lolii, Neurospora crassa, Nigrospora oryzae, Nigrospora sphaerica, Nodulisporium anamorph of Hypoxylon fragiforme, Nodulisporium anamorph of Hypoxylon fuscum, Nodulisporium gregarium, Ochrocladosporium elatum, Ophiocordyceps sobolifera, Ophiostoma stenoceras, Oxydothis poliothea, Paecilomyces formosus, Papulosa amerospora, Paraconiothyrium minitans, Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata, Penicillium biourgeianum, Penicillium brevicompactum, Peniophora cinerea, Periconia anamorph of Didymosphaeria igniaria, Periconia digitata, Periconia hispidula, Periconia prolifica, Pestalotiopsis adusta, Pestalotiopsis caudata, Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Pestalotiopsis maculiformans, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Pestalotiopsis palmarum, Pestalotiopsis versicolor, Petriella sordida, Peziza varia, Peziza vesiculosa, Phaeangium lefebvrei, Phaedothis winteri, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae, Phanerochaete affinis, Phanerochaete sordida, Phialemonium dimorphosporum, Phlebia radiate, Phlogicylindrium eucalypti, Phoma glomerate, Phoma herbarum, Phoma leveillei, Phoma moricola, Phoma radicina, Phoma sorghina, Phoma subglomerata, Phoma tracheiphila, Phoma tropica, Phomatospora bellaminuta, Phomatospora berkeleyi, Phomopsis anacardii, Phomopsis casuarinae, Phomopsis leptostromiformis, Phomopsis mangiferae, Phomopsis manilkarae, Phomopsis orchidophila, Phyllosticta capitalensis, Phyllosticta colocasiicola, Phyllosticta minima, Phyllosticta sapotae, Piptarthron macrosporum, Piricauda pelagica, Piriformospora indica, Plagiostoma euphorbiae, Plenodomus fuscomaculans, Pleurophoma cava, Pleurotus ostreatus, Podospora fimbriata, Porosphaerella borinquensis, Preussia mediterranea, Preussia minima, Pseudocercospora punicae, Pseudocochliobolus pallescens, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Pyriculariopsis parasitica, Ramichloridium apiculatum, Ramichloridium biverticillatum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopycnis vagum, Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, Rhodotorula minuta, Schizophyllum commune, Scolecobasidium terreum, Scolicotrichum musae, Scopuloides hydnoides, Scytalidium lignicola, Sebacina vermifera, Septoria anacardii, Setosphaeria rostrata, Sordaria fimicola, Sordaria tomento-alba, Sporormiella minima, Stagonosporopsis dorenboschii, Stemphylium botryosum, Stemphylium solani, Stilbohypoxylon quisquiliarum var. quisquiliarum, Streptomyces albosporus, Streptomyces aureus, Streptomyces cinereus, Streptomyces glaucus, Streptomyces globisporus, Streptomyces griseofuscus, Streptomyces griseorubroviolaceus, Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces roseosporus, Sydowia polyspora, Talaromyces flavus, Talaromyces ohiensis, Talaromyces ohiensis, Tetracladium furcatum, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Thanatephorus pennatus, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Thumenella cubispora, Torula herbarum f. quaternella, Trametes hirsuta, Trematosphaeria pertusa, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma viride, Trichothecium roseum, Triscelophorus acuminatus, Triscelophorus konajensis, Triscelophorus monosporus, Truncatella angustata, Truncatella conorum-piceae, Tulasnella calospora, Ulocladium atrum, Ulocladium cucurbitae, Ustilago williamsii, Valsa ceratosperma, Verruculina enalia, Verticillium lecanii, Wiesneriomyces laurinus, Wrightoporia tropicalis, Xylaria acuta, Xylaria adscendens, Xylaria allantoidea, Xylaria anisopleura, Xylaria arbuscula, Xylaria castorea Berk., Xylaria coccophora, Xylaria cubensis, Xylaria curta, Xylaria hypoxylon, Xylaria microceras, Xylaria multiplex, Xylaria obovata, Xylaria palmicola, Xylaria telfairii, Zalerion maritimum, Zygosporium echinosporum, Zygosporium gibbum.

In one embodiment, the endophytic fungus is of a family selected from the group consisting of: Cladosporiaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Incertae sedis, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Netriaceae, Pleosporaceae.

In one embodiment, the endophytic fungus is of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Acremonium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Embellisia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, and Podospora. In some embodiments, the endophytic fungus is of species Acremonium strictum, Acremonium zeae, Alternaria alternate, Alternaria epidermidis, Alternaria infectoria, Alternaria tenuissima, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Epicoccum nigrum, Epicoccum sorghinum, Fusarium nigrum, Fusarium udum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Nigrospora oryza.

In one embodiment, the endophytic bacterium comprising in its genome a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700.

In one embodiment, the endophytic fungus comprises in its genome a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical or 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700.

In one embodiment, the endophyte comprises comprising in its genome a nucleic acid sequence a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, for example, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical or 100% identical, to a nucleic acid sequences found among the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700.

In some aspects, the endophyte of any method or composition of the present invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, for example, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical or 100% identical to any nucleic acid provided in Tables 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5-14, 16-23.

Exogenous Endophytes.

In one embodiment, the endophyte is an endophytic microbe that was isolated from a different plant than the inoculated plant. For example, in one embodiment, the endophyte can be an endophyte isolated from a different plant of the same species as the inoculated plant. In some cases, the endophyte can be isolated from a species related to the inoculated plant.

The breeding of plants for agriculture, their propagation in altered environments, as well as cultural practices used to combat microbial pathogens, may have resulted in the loss in modern cultivars of the endophytes present in their wild ancestors, or such practices may have inadvertently promoted other novel or rare plant-endophyte interactions, or otherwise altered the microbial population. The former is the case in maize and its phylogenetically confirmed, direct wild ancestor, Parviglumis teosinte (Zea mays ssp. Parviglumis). It is possible that this higher diversity and titer of endophytes in the ancestor is correlated with an equally wide range of physiological responses derived from the symbiosis that allow the plant to better adapt to the environment and tolerate stress. In order to survey plant groups for potentially useful endophytes, seeds of their wild ancestors, wild relatives, primitive landraces, modern landraces, modern breeding lines, and elite modern agronomic varieties can be screened for microbial endophytes by culture and culture independent methods as described herein.

In some cases, plants are inoculated with endophytes that are exogenous to the seed of the inoculated plant. In one embodiment, the endophyte is derived from a plant of another species. For example, an endophyte that is normally found in dicots is applied to a monocot plant (e.g., inoculating corn with a soy bean-derived endophyte), or vice versa. In other cases, the endophyte to be inoculated onto a plant can be derived from a related species of the plant that is being inoculated. In one embodiment, the endophyte can be derived from a related taxon, for example, from a related species. The plant of another species can be an agricultural plant. For example, an endophyte derived from Hordeum irregulare can be used to inoculate a Hordeum vulgare L., plant. Alternatively, it can be derived from a ‘wild’ plant (i.e., a non-agricultural plant). For example, endophytes normally associated with the wild cotton Gossypium klotzschianum can be used to inoculate commercial varieties of Gossypium hirsutum plants. As an alternative example of deriving an endophyte from a ‘wild’ plant, endophytic bacteria isolated from the South East Asian jungle orchid, Cymbidium eburneum, can be isolated and testing for their capacity to benefit seedling development and survival of agricultural crops such as wheat, maize, soy and others [Facia, D. C., et al., (2013) World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 29(2). pp. 217-221]. In other cases, the endophyte can be isolated from an ancestral species of the inoculated plant. For example, an endophyte derived from Zea diploperennis can be used to inoculate a commercial variety of modern corn, or Zea mays.

Relocalization of Endophytes.

While the endophyte that is coated onto the surface of the seed of the first plant is isolated from inside the seed of the second plant, the endophyte can relocalize to other tissues or plant parts once the seed of the first plant germinates. As such, in one embodiment, the seed endophyte which is coated onto the seed of a plant is capable, upon germination of the seed into a vegetative state, of localizing to a different tissue of the plant. For example, the endophyte can be capable of localizing to any one of the tissues in the plant, including: the root, adventitious root, seminal root, root hair, shoot, leaf, flower, bud, tassel, meristem, pollen, pistil, ovaries, stamen, fruit, stolon, rhizome, nodule, tuber, trichome, guard cells, hydathode, petal, sepal, glume, rachis, vascular cambium, phloem, and xylem. In one embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the root and/or the root hair of the plant. In another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the photosynthetic tissues, for example, leaves and shoots of the plant. In other cases, the endophyte is localized to the vascular tissues of the plant, for example, in the xylem and phloem. In still another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the reproductive tissues (flower, pollen, pistil, ovaries, stamen, fruit) of the plant. In another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the root, shoots, leaves and reproductive tissues of the plant. In still another embodiment, the endophyte colonizes a fruit or seed tissue of the plant. In still another embodiment, the endophyte is able to colonize the plant such that it is present in the surface of the plant (i.e., its presence is detectably present on the plant exterior, or the episphere of the plant). In still other embodiments, the endophyte is capable of localizing to substantially all, or all, tissues of the plant. In certain embodiments, the endophyte is not localized to the root of a plant. In other cases, the endophyte is not localized to the photosynthetic tissues of the plant.

Compositions Comprising Endophytes

In some embodiments, the endophyte is capable of metabolizing D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin. In one embodiment, the endophyte comprises in its genome a nucleic acid sequence encoding a protein allowing it to metabolize arabinose. In one embodiment, the protein is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3701-3813.

In some embodiments, the plant or plant element experiences an improved ability to grow in water-limited conditions, as a result of being associated with the endophyte or endophyte combinations.

In still another embodiment, the plant element of the first plant can be from a genetically modified plant. In another embodiment, the plant element of the first plant can be a hybrid plant element.

The synthetic combination can comprise a plant element of the first plant which is surface-sterilized prior to combining with the endophytes.

As stated above, the endophyte used in the synthetic combination is derived from a plant element of a second plant. In one embodiment, the second plant is a monocotyledonous plant or tissue thereof. In a particular embodiment, the second plant is a cereal plant or tissue thereof. In yet another embodiment, the second plant is selected from the group consisting of a maize plant, a barley plant, a wheat plant, a sugarcane plant, or a rice plant. In one embodiment, the plant element is a naked grain (i.e., without hulls or fruit cases). In an alternative embodiment, the second plant is a dicotyledonous plant. For example, the second plant can be selected from the group consisting of a cotton plant, a tomato plant, a pepper plant, or a soybean plant.

The synthetic combination can additionally comprise a seed coating composition, a root treatment, or a foliar application composition. The seed coating composition, or the root treatment, or the foliar application composition can comprise an agent selected from the group consisting of: a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide and a nutrient, or a combination thereof. The seed coating composition, or the root treatment, or the foliar application composition can further comprise an agent selected from the group consisting of an agriculturally acceptable carrier, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, or a combination thereof. In still another embodiment, the seed coating composition, or the root treatment, or the foliar application composition can contain a second microbial preparation, including but not limited to a rhizobial bacterial preparation.

The present invention contemplates the use of endophytes that are unmodified, as well as those that are modified. In one embodiment, the endophyte is a recombinant endophyte. In one particular embodiment, the endophyte is modified prior to coating onto the surface of the plant element such that it has enhanced compatibility with an antimicrobial agent when compared with the unmodified. For example, the endophyte can be modified such that it has enhanced compatibility with an antibacterial agent. In an alternative embodiment, the endophyte has enhanced compatibility with an antifungal agent. The endophyte can be modified such that it exhibits at least 3 fold greater, for example, at least 5 fold greater, at least 10 fold greater, at least 20 fold greater, at least 30 fold greater or more resistance to an antimicrobial agent when compared with the unmodified endophyte.

The present invention also contemplates the use of multiple endophytes. For example, in one embodiment, the synthetic combination described above can comprise a plurality of purified endophytes, for example, 2, 3, 4 or more different types of endophytes.

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises an endophyte that comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical, for example, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or 100% identical, to any nucleic acid selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700.

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises at least two endophytic microbial entities that separately comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical, for example, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or 100% identical, to any nucleic acid selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700.

In one embodiment, the agronomic trait is selected from the group consisting of altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant. In another embodiment, at least two agronomic traits are improved in the agricultural plant.

In another embodiment, the formulation comprising the endophyte is disposed in an amount effective to detectably increase the rate of germination of the seed. For example, the rate of germination of the seed is increased by at least 0.5%, for example, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100% or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

In another embodiment, the formulation comprising the endophyte is disposed in an amount effective to detectably increase the biomass of the plant. For example, the biomass of the plant is detectably increased by at least 1%, for example, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

In another embodiment, the formulation comprising the endophyte is disposed in an amount effective to increase the biomass or yield of a fruit or seed of the plant. For example, the biomass of the fruit or seed of the plant is detectably increased by at least 1%, for example, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with the fruit or seed of a reference agricultural plant.

In still another embodiment, the formulation comprising the endophyte is disposed in an amount effective to increase the height of the plant. The height of the plant, in some embodiments, is detectably increased by at least 1%, for example, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with the height of a reference agricultural plant.

Combinations of Endophytes

In another embodiment, the present invention contemplates methods of associating a plurality of endophytes with one or more plant elements, such as a seed, a leaf, or a root, in order to confer an improved agronomic trait or improved agronomic trait potential to said plant element or host plant.

In some embodiments, the invention contemplates coating the seed of a plant with a plurality of endophytes, as well as seed compositions comprising a plurality of endophytes on and/or in the seed. The methods according to this embodiment can be performed in a manner similar to those described herein for single endophyte coating. In one example, multiple endophytes can be prepared in a single preparation that is coated onto the seed. The endophytes can be from a common origin (i.e., a same plant). Alternatively, the endophytes can be from different plants. Thus, the present invention provides for combinations comprising at least two endophytic microbial populations with an agricultural plant. The endophytic populations are heterologously disposed on an exterior surface of or within the plant in an amount effective to colonize the plant. The combination can further comprise a formulation that comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an agriculturally compatible carrier, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, and a nutrient.

Where multiple endophytes are coated onto the seed of the plant, each endophyte can be a bacterium. In the alternative, each endophyte can be a fungus. In still another embodiment, a mixture of bacterial and fungal endophytes can be coated onto the surface of a seed.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a bacterium selected from one of the following genera: Acidovorax, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Chryseobacterium, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Saccharibacillus, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a fungus selected from one of the following genera: Acremonium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Embellisia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, and Podospora.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a bacterium selected from one of the following families: Bacillaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Methylobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Paenibacillileae, Pseudomonnaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a fungus selected from one of the following families: Cladosporiaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Incertae sedis, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Netriaceae, Pleosporaceae.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination are selected from one of the following genera: Acidovorax, Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Chryseobacterium, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Saccharibacillus, Sphingomonas, and Stenotrophomonas, Acremonium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Embellisia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, and Podospora.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination are selected from one of the following families: Bacillaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Methylobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Paenibacillileae, Pseudomonnaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Cladosporiaceae, Gnomoniaceae, Incertae sedis, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Netriaceae, Pleosporaceae.

In one embodiment, at least one of the endophytic populations comprise a nucleic acid that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700.

In some embodiments, the combination of endophytes comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or greater than five, endophytes, each comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-3700.

In some embodiments, the combination of endophytes comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or greater than five, endophytes, each comprising a nucleic acid sequence at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical from a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-3700.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a bacterium comprising in its genome a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671. In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a fungus comprising in its genome a nucleic acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700. In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination are endophytes each comprising in its genome a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671, 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700.

In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a bacterium comprising in its genome a nucleic acid that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671. In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination is a fungus comprising in its genome a nucleic acid that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700. In one embodiment, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least night, or at least ten or more endophytes of an endophytic combination are endophytes each comprising in its genome a nucleic acid that is at least 90% identical, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596, 3598, 3599, 3600, 3601, 3603, 3604, 3606, 3607, 3608, 3609, 3619, 3620, 3621, 3622, 3623, 3624, 3625, 3626, 3627, 3628, 3629, 3630, 3631, 3632, 3633, 3634, 3635, 3636, 3637, 3638, 3639, 3641, 3645, 3646, 3648, 3649, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3656, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671, 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700.

In some aspects, the combination of endophytes comprises at least two endophytes that each comprise at least one nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical, for example, at least 91% identical, at least 92% identical, at least 93% identical, at least 94% identical, at least 95% identical, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, at least 99.5% identical or 100% identical to any nucleic acid provided in Tables 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5-14, 16-23.

In some aspects, the combination of endophytes comprises at least two endophytes provided in any of Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, and 15.

Where multiple endophytes are coated onto the seed, any or all of the endophytes may be capable of conferring a beneficial trait onto the host plant. In some cases, all of the endophytes are capable of conferring a beneficial trait onto the host plant. The trait conferred by each of the endophytes may be the same (e.g., both improve the host plant's tolerance to a particular biotic stress), or may be distinct (e.g., one improves the host plant's tolerance to drought, while another improves phosphate utilization). In other cases the conferred trait may be the result of interactions between the endophytes.

Combinations of endophytes can be selected by any one or more of several criteria. In one embodiment, compatible endophytes are selected. As used herein, “compatibility” refers to endophyte populations that do not significantly interfere with the growth, propagation, and/or production of beneficial substances of the other. Incompatible endophyte populations can arise, for example, where one of the populations produces or secrets a compound that is toxic or deleterious to the growth of the other population(s). Incompatibility arising from production of deleterious compounds/agents can be detected using methods known in the art, and as described herein elsewhere. Similarly, the distinct populations can compete for limited resources in a way that makes co-existence difficult.

In another embodiment, combinations are selected on the basis of compounds produced by each population of endophytes. For example, the first population is capable of producing siderophores, and another population is capable of producing anti-fungal compounds. In one embodiment, the first population of endophytes or endophytic components is capable of a function selected from the group consisting of auxin production, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, siderophore production, mineral phosphate solubilization, cellulase production, chitinase production, xylanase production, and acetoin production. In another embodiment, the second population of endophytes or endophytic component is capable of a function selected from the group consisting of auxin production, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial compound, siderophore production, mineral phosphate solubilization, cellulase production, chitinase production, xylanase production, and acetoin production. In still another embodiment, the first and second populations are capable of at least one different function. In another embodiment, combinations are selected on the basis of carbon sources they metabolize. In some aspects, an endophyte may be capable of using any one or more of the following: 1,2-Propanediol, 2-Aminoethanol, 2-Deoxy adenosine, Acetic acid, Acetoacetic acid, Adenosine, Adonitol, Bromo succinic acid, Citric acid, D-Alanine, D-Aspartic acid, D-Cellobiose, D-Fructose, D-Fructose-6-Phosphate, D-Galactonic acid-γ-lactone, D-Galactose, D-Galacturonic acid, D-Gluconic acid, D-Glucosaminic acid, D-Glucose-1-Phosphate, D-Glucose-6-Phosphate, D-Glucuronic acid, D-L-Malic acid, D-L-α-Glycerol phosphate, D-Malic acid, D-Mannitol, D-Mannose, D-Melibiose, D-Psicose, D-Ribose, D-Saccharic acid, D-Serine, D-Sorbitol, D-Threonine, D-Trehalose, Dulcitol, D-Xylose, Formic acid, Fumaric acid, Glucuronamide, Glycerol, Glycolic acid, Glycyl-L-Aspartic acid, Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid, Glycyl-L-Proline, Glyoxylic acid, Inosine, Lactulose, L-Alanine, L-Alanyl-Glycine, L-Arabinose, L-Asparagine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Fucose, L-Galactonic-acid-γ-lactone, L-Glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-Lactic acid, L-Lyxose, L-Malic acid, L-Proline, L-Rhamnose, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Maltose, Maltotriose, Methyl Pyruvate, m-Hydroxy Phenyl Acetic acid, m-Inositol, Mono Methyl Succinate, m-Tartaric acid, Mucic acid, N-acetyl-β-D-Mannosamine, N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, Phenylethyl-amine, p-Hydroxy Phenyl acetic acid, Propionic acid, Pyruvic acid, Succinic acid, Sucrose, Thymidine, Tricarballylic acid, Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 80, Tyramine, Uridine, α-D-Glucose, α-D-Lactose, α-Hydroxy Butyric acid, α-Hydroxy Glutaric acid-γ-lactone, α-Keto-Butyric acid, α-Keto-Glutaric acid, α-Methyl-D-Galactoside, β-Methyl-D-glucoside. In preferred embodiments, at least one population is capable of metabolizing any one or more of the following: D-Alanine, D-Aspartic acid, D-Serine, D-ThreonineGlycyl-L-Aspartic acid, Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid, Glycyl-L-Proline, Glyoxylic acid, Inosine, L-Alanine, L-Alanyl-Glycine, L-Arabinose, L-Asparagine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-Proline, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Tyramine, Uridine, Proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, salicin.

In another aspect, the combination of endophytes comprises at least one endophyte that is capable of metabolizing any one or more of the following: D-Alanine, D-Aspartic acid, D-Serine, D-ThreonineGlycyl-L-Aspartic acid, Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid, Glycyl-L-Proline, Glyoxylic acid, Inosine, L-Alanine, L-Alanyl-Glycine, L-Arabinose, L-Asparagine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-Proline, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Tyramine, Uridine, Proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, salicin.

For example, one endophyte may be capable of utilizing oxalic acid and a second endophyte may be capable of using arabinose. For example, at least one endophyte may be capable of metabolizing proline, at least one endophyte may be capable of metabolizing mannose. It is contemplated that combinations of endophytes may be selected based on complementary metabolic capabilities: for example, one may be capable of utilizing mannose but not sucrose, and a second may be capable of utilizing sucrose but not mannose. In another aspect, it is contemplated that combinations of endophytes may be selected based on mutual metabolic capabilities: for example, two endophytes that both are able to utilize mannose. In another aspect, it is contemplated that combinations of endophytes are selected based on the synergistic effects of carbon source utilization: for example, one endophyte may have the capability of utilizing mannose but not proline but when in combination with a second endophyte may then display the ability to utilize proline. In other words, one endophyte may be able to promote the ability of another endophyte to utilize a particular carbon source. In another aspect, one endophyte may reduce the ability of another endophyte to utilize a particular carbon source. In another aspect of synergism, two endophytes that are themselves each capable of utilizing one type of carbon source, for example, maltose, may enhance each others' abilities to utilize said carbon source at a greater efficiacy. It is contemplated that any combination (mutual, complementary, additive, synergistic) of substrate utilization capabilities may be used as criteria of selection of endophytes of the present invention. It is further contemplated that such combinations of carbon substrate sources for endophyte utilization may include at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, at least ten, and even greater than ten different carbon sources.

In some embodiments, the combination of endophytes comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or greater than five, endophytes wherein at least one of said endophytes comprises a gene in its genome that encodes a protein selected from the group consisting of: arabinose ABC transporter ATP-binding protein, arabinose ABC transporter permease, arabinose ABC transporter substrate-binding protein, arabinose import ATP-binding protein AraG, arabinose isomerase, arabinose-proton symporter, L-arabinose ABC transporter periplasmic L-arabinose-binding protein, L-arabinose isomerase, L-arabinose transport ATP-binding protein araG, L-arabinose transporter ATP-binding protein, L-arabinose transporter ATP-binding protein (plasmid), L-arabinose transporter permease, L-arabinose transporter permease (plasmid), L-arabinose transporter permease protein, L-arabinose-binding protein, arabinose-proton symporter.

In some embodiments, the combination of endophytes comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or greater than five, endophytes wherein each endophyte comprises a gene in its genome that encodes a protein selected from SEQ ID NO: 3701-3913.

In some embodiments, the first endophyte comprises in its genome a gene that encodes a protein with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical from a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3701-3913 In some embodiments, the first endophyte comprises in its genome a gene that encodes a protein with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical from a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3701-3913, and the second endophyte comprises in its genome a gene that encodes a protein with at least 80% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3701-3913.

In some embodiments, the first population comprises in its genome a gene that encodes a protein with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3701-3913. In some embodiments, the second population comprises in its genome a gene that encodes a protein with at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3701-3913.

In some embodiments, the combination of endophytes comprises at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, or greater than five, endophytes capable of metabolizing at least one of the following: D-Alanine, D-Aspartic acid, D-Serine, D-ThreonineGlycyl-L-Aspartic acid, Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid, Glycyl-L-Proline, Glyoxylic acid, Inosine, L-Alanine, L-Alanyl-Glycine, L-Arabinose, L-Asparagine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-Proline, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Tyramine, Uridine, Proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, salicin.

In some embodiments, the combination of endophytes comprises at least one endophyte comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-3700, and at least one endophyte that is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-Alanine, D-Aspartic acid, D-Serine, D-ThreonineGlycyl-L-Aspartic acid, Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid, Glycyl-L-Proline, Glyoxylic acid, Inosine, L-Alanine, L-Alanyl-Glycine, L-Arabinose, L-Asparagine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-Proline, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Tyramine, Uridine, Proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, salicin.

In another embodiment, the combination of endophytes comprises at least one endophyte comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-3700, and at least one endophyte that comprises a gene in its genome a gene that encodes a protein selected from SEQ ID NO: 3701-3913.

In another embodiment, the combination of endophytes comprises at least one endophyte that is capable of metabolizing at least one of D-Alanine, D-Aspartic acid, D-Serine, D-ThreonineGlycyl-L-Aspartic acid, Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid, Glycyl-L-Proline, Glyoxylic acid, Inosine, L-Alanine, L-Alanyl-Glycine, L-Arabinose, L-Asparagine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-Proline, L-Serine, L-Threonine, Tyramine, Uridine, Proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, salicin, and at least one endophyte that comprises a gene in its genome a gene that encodes a protein selected from SEQ ID NO: 3701-3913.

It is contemplated that each endophyte in the combination of endophytes may comprise different characteristics, for example comprise genes with different percent identities to any of the sequences of SEQS ID Nos: 1-3913.

In still another embodiment, the combinations of endophytes are selected for their distinct localization in the plant after colonization. For example, the first population of endophytes or endophytic components can colonize, and in some cases preferentially colonize, the root tissue, while a second population can be selected on the basis of its preferential colonization of the aerial parts of the agricultural plant. Therefore, in one embodiment, the first population is capable of colonizing one or more of the tissues selected from the group consisting of a root, shoot, leaf, flower, and seed. In another embodiment, the second population is capable of colonizing one or more tissues selected from the group consisting of root, shoot, leaf, flower, and seed. In still another embodiment, the first and second populations are capable of colonizing a different tissue within the agricultural plant.

In still another embodiment, combinations of endophytes are selected for their ability to confer one or more distinct agronomic traits on the inoculated agricultural plant, either individually or in synergistic association with other endophytes. Alternatively, two or more endophytes induce the colonization of a third endophyte. For example, the first population of endophytes or endophytic components is selected on the basis that it confers significant increase in biomass, while the second population promotes increased drought tolerance on the inoculated agricultural plant. Therefore, in one embodiment, the first population is capable of conferring at least one trait selected from the group consisting of thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased tolerance to nitrogen stress, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, enhanced soil water retention, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the second population is capable of conferring a trait selected from the group consisting of thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, and enhanced soil water retention. In still another embodiment, each of the first and second population is capable of conferring a different trait selected from the group consisting of thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, and enhanced soil water retention. In any combination of endophytes, any of the following traits of agronomic importance may be modulated due to the association of one or more of the endophytes in the combination with a plant or plant element: altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, or a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant.

The combinations of endophytes can also be selected based on combinations of the above criteria. For example, the first population of endophytes can be selected on the basis of the compound it produces (e.g., its ability to fix nitrogen, thus providing a potential nitrogen source to the plant), while the second population can be selected on the basis of its ability to confer increased resistance of the plant to a pathogen (e.g., a fungal pathogen).

In some aspects of the present invention, it is contemplated that combinations of endophytes can provide an increased benefit to the host plant, as compared to that conferred by a single endophyte, by virtue of additive effects. For example, one endophyte strain that induces a benefit in the host plant may induce such benefit equally well in a plant that is also colonized with a different endophyte strain that also induces the same benefit in the host plant. The host plant thus exhibits the same total benefit from the plurality of different endophyte strains as the additive benefit to individual plants colonized with each individual endophyte of the plurality. In one example, a plant is colonized with two different endophyte strains: one provides a 1× increase in biomass when associated with the plant, and the other provides a 2× increase in biomass when associated with a different plant. When both endophyte strains are associated with the same plant, that plant would experience a 3× (additive of 1×+2× single effects) increase in auxin biomass. Additive effects are a surprising aspect of the present invention, as non-compatibility of endophytes may result in a cancellation of the beneficial effects of both endophytes.

In some aspects of the present invention, it is contemplated that a combination of endophytes can provide an increased benefit to the host plant, as compared to that conferred by a single endophyte, by virtue of synergistic effects. For example, one endophyte strain that induces a benefit in the host plant may induce such benefit beyond additive effects in a plant that is also colonized with a different endophyte strain that also induces that benefit in the host plant. The host plant thus exhibits the greater total benefit from the plurality of different endophyte strains than would be expected from the additive benefit of individual plants colonized with each individual endophyte of the plurality. In one example, a plant is colonized with two different endophyte strains: one provides a 1× increase in biomass when associated with a plant, and the other provides a 2× increase in biomass when associated with a different plant. When both endophyte strains are associated with the same plant, that plant would experience a 5× (greater than an additive of 1×+2× single effects) increase in biomass. Synergistic effects are a surprising aspect of the present invention.

Selection of Endophytes Conferring Beneficial Traits.

The present invention contemplates inoculation of plants with microbes. As described earlier, the microbes can be derived from many different plants species, from different parts of the plants, and from plants isolated across different environments. Once a microbe is isolated, it can be tested for its ability to confer a beneficial trait. Numerous tests can be performed both in vitro and in vivo to assess what benefits, if any, are conferred upon the plant. In one embodiment, a microbe is tested in vitro for an activity selected from the group consisting of: liberation of complexed phosphates, liberation of complexed iron (e.g., through secretion of siderophores), production of phytohormones, production of antibacterial compounds, production of antifungal compounds, production of insecticidal compounds, production of nematicidal compounds, production and/or secretion of ACC deaminase, production and/or secretion of acetoin, production and/or secretion of pectinase, production and/or secretion of cellulase, and production and/or secretion of RNAse. Exemplary in vitro methods for the above can be found in the Examples sections below.

It is noted that the initial test for the activities listed above can also be performed using a mixture of microbes, for example, a community of microbes isolated from a single plant. A positive activity readout using such mixture can be followed with the isolation of individual microbes within that population and repeating the in vitro tests for the activities to isolate the microbe responsible for the particular activity. Once validated using a single microbe isolate, then the plant can be inoculated with a microbe, and the test performed in vivo, either in growth chamber or greenhouse conditions, and comparing with a control plant that was not inoculated with the microbe.

It is contemplated that each endophyte in the combination of endophytes may comprise different characteristics, for example but not limited to: comprise genes with different percent identities to any of the sequences of SEQS ID Nos: 1-3913, different phenotypic characteristics, different abilities to utilize various carbon sources, different abilities to confer agronomic trait potentials or improved agronomic traits to a host seed or plant to which it may become associated, different localization in plant elements.

Plants Useful for the Present Invention

The methods and compositions according to the present invention can be deployed for any seed plant species. Thus, the invention has use over a broad range of plants, preferably higher plants pertaining to the classes of Angiospermae and Gymnospermae.

In one embodiment, a monocotyledonous plant is used. Monocotyledonous plants belong to the orders of the Alismatales, Arales, Arecales, Bromeliales, Commelinales, Cyclanthales, Cyperales, Eriocaulales, Hydrocharitales, Juncales, Lilliales, Najadales, Orchidales, Pandanales, Poales, Restionales, Triuridales, Typhales, and Zingiberales. Plants belonging to the class of the Gymnospermae are Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Gnetales, and Pinales. In a particular embodiment, the monocotyledonous plant can be selected from the group consisting of a maize, rice, wheat, barley, and sugarcane.

In another embodiment, a dicotyledonous plant is used, including those belonging to the orders of the Aristochiales, Asterales, Batales, Campanulales, Capparales, Caryophyllales, Casuarinales, Celastrales, Cornales, Diapensales, Dilleniales, Dipsacales, Ebenales, Ericales, Eucomiales, Euphorbiales, Fabales, Fagales, Gentianales, Geraniales, Haloragales, Hamamelidales, Middles, Juglandales, Lamiales, Laurales, Lecythidales, Leitneriales, Magniolales, Malvales, Myricales, Myrtales, Nymphaeales, Papeverales, Piperales, Plantaginales, Plumb aginales, Podostemales, Polemoniales, Polygalales, Polygonales, Primulales, Proteales, Rafflesiales, Ranunculales, Rhamnales, Rosales, Rubiales, Salicales, Santales, Sapindales, Sarraceniaceae, Scrophulariales, Theales, Trochodendrales, Umbellales, Urticales, and Violates. In a particular embodiment, the dicotyledonous plant can be selected from the group consisting of cotton, soybean, pepper, and tomato.

The present invention contemplates the use of endophytic microbial entities derived from plants. It is contemplated that the plants may be agricultural plants. In some embodiments, a cultivar or variety that is of the same family as the plant from which the endophyte is derived is used. In some embodiments, a cultivar or variety that is of the same genus as the plant from which the endophyte is derived is used. In some embodiments, a cultivar or variety that is of the same species as the ancestral plant from which the endophyte is derived is used. In some embodiments, a modern cultivar or variety that is of the same family as the ancestral plant from which the endophyte is derived is used. In another embodiment, a modern cultivar or variety that is of the same genus as the ancestral plant from which the endophyte is used. In still another embodiment, a modern cultivar or variety that is of the same species as the ancestral plant from which the endophyte is used.

The methods and compositions of the present invention are preferably used in plants that are important or interesting for agriculture, horticulture, biomass for the production of biofuel molecules and other chemicals, and/or forestry. Non-limiting examples include, for instance, Panicum virgatum (switch), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum, sudan), Miscanthus giganteus (miscanthus), Saccharum sp. (energycane), Populus balsamifera (poplar), Zea mays (corn), Glycine max (soybean), Brassica napus (canola), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), Oryza sativa (rice), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), Beta vulgaris (sugarbeet), Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), Panicum spp., Sorghum spp., Miscanthus spp., Saccharum spp., Erianthus spp., Populus spp., Secale cereale (rye), Salix spp. (willow), Eucalyptus spp. (eucalyptus), Triticosecale spp. (triticum—wheat×rye), Bamboo, Carthamus tinctorius (safflower), Jatropha curcas (Jatropha), Ricinus communis (castor), Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (king palm), Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm), Linum usitatissimum (flax), Brassica juncea, Manihot esculenta (cassaya), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Lactuca saliva (lettuce), Musa paradisiaca (banana), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Brassica oleracea (broccoli, cauliflower, brusselsprouts), Camellia sinensis (tea), Fragaria ananassa (strawberry), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Coffea arabica (coffee), Vitis vinifera (grape), Ananas comosus (pineapple), Capsicum annum (hot & sweet pepper), Allium cepa (onion), Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Cucurbita maxima (squash), Cucurbita moschata (squash), Spinacea oleracea (spinach), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), Solanum melongena (eggplant), Papaver somniferum (opium poppy), Papaver orientale, Taxus baccata, Taxus brevifolia, Artemisia annua, Cannabis saliva, Camptotheca acuminate, Catharanthus roseus, Vinca rosea, Cinchona officinalis, Coichicum autumnale, Veratrum californica, Digitalis lanata, Digitalis purpurea, Dioscorea spp., Andrographis paniculata, Atropa belladonna, Datura stomonium, Berberis spp., Cephalotaxus spp., Ephedra sinica, Ephedra spp., Erythroxylum coca, Galanthus wornorii, Scopolia spp., Lycopodium serratum (Huperzia serrata), Lycopodium spp., Rauwolfia serpentina, Rauwolfia spp., Sanguinaria canadensis, Hyoscyamus spp., Calendula officinalis, Chrysanthemum parthenium, Coleus forskohlii, Tanacetum parthenium, Parthenium argentatum (guayule), Hevea spp. (rubber), Mentha spicata (mint), Mentha piperita (mint), Bixa orellana, Alstroemeria spp., Rosa spp. (rose), Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation), Petunia spp. (petunia), Poinsettia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Lupinus albus (lupin), Uniola paniculata (oats), Hordeum vulgare (barley), and Lolium spp. (rye).

The present invention contemplates improving an agronomic trait in an agricultural plant by contacting a modern agricultural plant with a formulation comprising an endophyte derived from a plant or an endophyte conserved across diverse species and/or cultivars of agricultural plants. In one embodiment, the modern agricultural plant is a hybrid plant. In another embodiment, the modern agricultural plant is an inbred plant. Non-limiting examples of such hybrid, inbred and genetically modified plants are described below. In still another embodiment the modern agricultural plant is a genetically modified plant. The methods described herein can also be used with genetically modified plants, for example, to yield additional trait benefits to a plant. In one embodiment, the modern agricultural plant is a genetically modified plant that comprises a transgene that confers in the plant a phenotype selected from the group consisting of: altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant, or any combination thereof.

Plant Element and Endophyte Combinations

It is contemplated that the methods and compositions of the present invention may be used to improve any characteristic of any agricultural plant. The methods described herein can also be used with transgenic plants comprising one or more exogenous transgenes, for example, to yield additional trait benefits conferred by the newly introduced endophytic microbes. Therefore, in one embodiment, a plant element of a transgenic maize, wheat, rice, cotton, canola, alfalfa, or barley plant is contacted with an endophytic microbe.

The presence of the endophyte or other microbes can be detected and its localization in or on the host plant (including a plant element thereof) can be determined using a number of different methodologies. The presence of the microbe in the embryo or endosperm, as well as its localization with respect to the plant cells, can be determined using methods known in the art, including immunofluorescence microscopy using microbe specific antibodies, or fluorescence in situ hybridization (see, for example, Amann et al. (2001) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12:231-236, incorporated herein by reference). The presence and quantity of other microbes can be established by the FISH, immunofluorescence and PCR methods using probes that are specific for the microbe. Alternatively, degenerate probes recognizing conserved sequences from many bacteria and/or fungi can be employed to amplify a region, after which the identity of the microbes present in the tested tissue/cell can be determined by sequencing.

In some embodiments, the present invention contemplates the use of endophytes that can confer a beneficial agronomic trait upon the plant element or resulting plant with which it is associated.

In some cases, the endophytes described herein are capable of moving from one tissue type to another. For example, the present invention's detection and isolation of endophytes within the mature tissues of plants after coating on the exterior of a seed demonstrates their ability to move from seed exterior into the vegetative tissues of a maturing plant. Therefore, in one embodiment, the population of endophytes is capable of moving from the seed exterior into the vegetative tissues of a plant. In one embodiment, the endophyte that is coated onto the seed of a plant is capable, upon germination of the seed into a vegetative state, of localizing to a different tissue of the plant. For example, endophytes can be capable of localizing to any one of the tissues in the plant, including: the root, adventitious root, seminal root, root hair, shoot, leaf, flower, bud, tassel, meristem, pollen, pistil, ovaries, stamen, fruit, stolon, rhizome, nodule, tuber, trichome, guard cells, hydathode, petal, sepal, glume, rachis, vascular cambium, phloem, and xylem. In one embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the root and/or the root hair of the plant. In another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the photosynthetic tissues, for example, leaves and shoots of the plant. In other cases, the endophyte is localized to the vascular tissues of the plant, for example, in the xylem and phloem. In still another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the reproductive tissues (flower, pollen, pistil, ovaries, stamen, fruit) of the plant. In another embodiment, the endophyte is capable of localizing to the root, shoots, leaves and reproductive tissues of the plant. In still another embodiment, the endophyte colonizes a fruit or seed tissue of the plant. In still another embodiment, the endophyte is able to colonize the plant such that it is present in the surface of the plant (i.e., its presence is detectably present on the plant exterior, or the episphere of the plant). In still other embodiments, the endophyte is capable of localizing to substantially all, or all, tissues of the plant. In certain embodiments, the endophyte is not localized to the root of a plant. In other cases, the endophyte is not localized to the photosynthetic tissues of the plant.

In some cases, endophytes are capable of replicating within the host plant and colonizing the plant.

In another aspect, the present invention provides for combinations of endophytic microbial entities and plants. The endophytic microbial entities described herein are unique in that they have been isolated from seeds of plants (e.g., an agricultural plant, for example a seed or seedling or an agricultural plant, comprising a population of endophytic microbial entities that is heterologously disposed on an exterior surface of or within the seed or seedling in an amount effective to colonize the plant). The combination can further comprise a formulation that comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an agriculturally compatible carrier, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, and a nutrient. In some embodiments, the population of endophytic bacteria are present in an amount effective to provide a benefit to an agricultural plant derived from an agricultural seed or seedling to which the formulation is administered.

The population of endophytic microbial entities comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% identical, for example, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5% identical, 99.8% identical, or 100% identical, to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700. In another embodiment, the endophyte comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 99% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700. In still another embodiment, the endophyte comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700.

In some embodiments, disclosed is a seed of an agricultural plant comprising an exogenous population of an endophyte that is disposed on an exterior surface of or within the plant in an amount effective to colonize the plant. The population is considered exogenous to the seed if that particular seed does not inherently contain the population of endophytic microbial entities.

In other cases, the present invention discloses a seed of an agricultural plant comprising a population of endophytic microbial entities that is heterologously disposed on an exterior surface of or within the plant in an amount effective to colonize the plant. For example, the population of endophytic microbial entities that is disposed on an exterior surface or within the seed can be an endophyte that may be associated with the mature plant, but is not found on the surface of or within the seed. Alternatively, the population can be found in the surface of, or within the seed, but at a much lower number than is disposed.

As shown in the Examples section below, the endophytic populations described herein are capable of colonizing the host plant. In certain cases, the endophytic population can be applied to the plant, for example the plant seed, or by foliar application, and successful colonization can be confirmed by detecting the presence of the endophytic microbial population within the plant. For example, after applying the endophyte to the seeds, high titers of the endophyte can be detected in the roots and shoots of the plants that germinate from the seeds. In addition, significant quantities of the endophyte can be detected in the rhizosphere of the plants. Therefore, in one embodiment, the endophytic microbe population is disposed in an amount effective to colonize the plant. Colonization of the plant can be detected, for example, by detecting the presence of the endophytic microbe inside the plant. This can be accomplished by measuring the viability of the microbe after surface sterilization of the seed or the plant: endophytic colonization results in an internal localization of the microbe, rendering it resistant to conditions of surface sterilization. The presence and quantity of the microbe can also be established using other means known in the art, for example, immunofluorescence microscopy using microbe specific antibodies, or fluorescence in situ hybridization (see, for example, Amann et al. (2001) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12:231-236, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Alternatively, specific nucleic acid probes recognizing conserved sequences from the endophytic bacterium can be employed to amplify a region, for example by quantitative PCR, and correlated to CFUs by means of a standard curve.

In another embodiment, the endophytic microbe is disposed, for example, on the surface of a seed of an agricultural plant, in an amount effective to be detectable in the mature agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the endophytic microbe is disposed in an amount effective to be detectable in an amount of at least about 100 CFU or spores, at least about 200 CFU or spores, at least about 300 CFU or spores, at least about 500 CFU or spores, at least about 1,000 CFU or spores, at least about 3,000 CFU or spores, at least about 10,000 CFU or spores, at least about 30,000 CFU or spores, at least about 100,000 CFU or spores, at least about 10̂6 CFU or spores or more in the mature agricultural plant.

In some cases, the endophytic microbe is capable of colonizing particular tissue types of the plant. In one embodiment, the endophytic microbe is disposed on the seed or seedling in an amount effective to be detectable within a target tissue of the mature agricultural plant selected from a fruit, a seed, a leaf, or a root, or portion thereof. For example, the endophytic microbe can be detected in an amount of at least about 100 CFU or spores, at least about 200 CFU or spores, at least about 300 CFU or spores, at least about 500 CFU or spores, at least about 1,000 CFU or spores, at least about 3,000 CFU or spores, at least about 10,000 CFU or spores, at least about 30,000 CFU or spores, at least about 100,000 CFU or spores, at least about 10̂6 CFU or spores or more, in the target tissue of the mature agricultural plant.

In some cases, the microbes disposed on the seed or seedling can be detected in the rhizosphere. This may be due to successful colonization by the endophytic microbe, where certain quantities of the microbe is shed from the root, thereby colonizing the rhizosphere. In some cases, the rhizosphere-localized microbe can secrete compounds (such as siderophores or organic acids) which assist with nutrient acquisition by the plant. Therefore, in another embodiment, the endophytic microbe is disposed on the surface of the seed in an amount effective to detectably colonize the soil environment surrounding the mature agricultural plant when compared with a reference agricultural plant. For example, the microbe can be detected in an amount of at least 100 CFU or spores/g DW, for example, at least 200 CFU or spores/g DW, at least 500 CFU or spores/g DW, at least 1,000 CFU or spores/g DW, at least 3,000 CFU or spores/g DW, at least 10,000 CFU or spores/g DW, at least 30,000 CFU or spores/g DW, at least 100,000 CFU or spores/g DW, at least 300,000 CFU or spores/g DW, or more, in the rhizosphere.

The populations of endophytic microbial entities described herein are also capable of providing many agronomic benefits to the host plant. As shown in the Examples section, endophyte-inoculated plants display increased seed germination, increased vigor, increased biomass (e.g., increased root or shoot biomass). Therefore, in one embodiment, the population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the biomass of the plant, or a part or tissue of the plant grown from the seed or seedling.

The increased biomass is useful in the production of commodity products derived from the plant. Such commodity products include an animal feed, a fish fodder, a cereal product, a processed human-food product, a sugar or an alcohol. Such products may be a fermentation product or a fermentable product, one such exemplary product is a biofuel. The increase in biomass can occur in a part of the plant (e.g., the root tissue, shoots, leaves, etc.), or can be an increase in overall biomass. Increased biomass production, such an increase meaning at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or greater than 100% when compared with a reference agricultural plant. Such increase in overall biomass can be under relatively stress-free conditions. In other cases, the increase in biomass can be in plants grown under any number of abiotic or biotic stresses, including drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, bacterial pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress. In one particular embodiment, the endophytic microbial population is disposed in an amount effective to increase root biomass by at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

In another embodiment, the endophytic microbial population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the rate of seed germination when compared with a reference agricultural plant. For example, the increase in seed germination can be at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 15%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

In other cases, the endophytic microbe is disposed on the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the average biomass of the fruit or cob from the resulting plant by at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 15%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100% or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

In some cases, plants are inoculated with endophytes that are isolated from the same species of plant as the plant element of the inoculated plant. For example, an endophyte that is normally found in one variety of Zea mays (corn) is associated with a plant element of a plant of another variety of Zea mays that in its natural state lacks said endophyte. In one embodiment, the endophyte is derived from a plant of a related species of plant as the plant element of the inoculated plant. For example, an endophyte that is normally found in Zea diploperennis Iltis et al., (diploperennial teosinte) is applied to a Zea mays (corn), or vice versa. In some cases, plants are inoculated with endophytes that are heterologous to the plant element of the inoculated plant. In one embodiment, the endophyte is derived from a plant of another species. For example, an endophyte that is normally found in dicots is applied to a monocot plant (e.g., inoculating corn with a soybean-derived endophyte), or vice versa. In other cases, the endophyte to be inoculated onto a plant is derived from a related species of the plant that is being inoculated. In one embodiment, the endophyte is derived from a related taxon, for example, from a related species. The plant of another species can be an agricultural plant. In another embodiment, the endophyte is part of a designed composition inoculated into any host plant element.

As highlighted in the Examples section, plants inoculated with the endophytic microbial population also show an increase in overall plant height. Therefore, in one embodiment, the present invention provides for a seed comprising an endophytic microbial population which is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the height of the plant. For example, the endophytic microbial population is disposed in an amount effective to result in an increase in height of the agricultural plant such that is at least 10% greater, for example, at least 20% greater, at least 30% greater, at least 40% greater, at least 50% greater, at least 60% greater, at least 70% greater, at least 80% greater, at least 90% greater, at least 100% greater, at least 125% greater, at least 150% greater or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant, the plant. Such increase in height can be under relatively stress-free conditions. In other cases, the increase in height can be in plants grown under any number of abiotic or biotic stresses, including drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, bacterial pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress.

The host plants inoculated with the endophytic microbial population also show dramatic improvements in their ability to utilize water more efficiently. Water use efficiency is a parameter often correlated with drought tolerance. Water use efficiency (WUE) is a parameter often correlated with drought tolerance, and is the CO2 assimilation rate per water transpired by the plant. An increase in biomass at low water availability may be due to relatively improved efficiency of growth or reduced water consumption. In selecting traits for improving crops, a decrease in water use, without a change in growth would have particular merit in an irrigated agricultural system where the water input costs were high. An increase in growth without a corresponding jump in water use would have applicability to all agricultural systems. In many agricultural systems where water supply is not limiting, an increase in growth, even if it came at the expense of an increase in water use also increases yield.

When soil water is depleted or if water is not available during periods of drought, crop yields are restricted. Plant water deficit develops if transpiration from leaves exceeds the supply of water from the roots. The available water supply is related to the amount of water held in the soil and the ability of the plant to reach that water with its root system. Transpiration of water from leaves is linked to the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis through the stomata. The two processes are positively correlated so that high carbon dioxide influx through photosynthesis is closely linked to water loss by transpiration. As water transpires from the leaf, leaf water potential is reduced and the stomata tend to close in a hydraulic process limiting the amount of photosynthesis. Since crop yield is dependent on the fixation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, water uptake and transpiration are contributing factors to crop yield. Plants which are able to use less water to fix the same amount of carbon dioxide or which are able to function normally at a lower water potential have the potential to conduct more photosynthesis and thereby to produce more biomass and economic yield in many agricultural systems. An increased water use efficiency of the plant relates in some cases to an increased fruit/kernel size or number.

Therefore, in one embodiment, the plants described herein exhibit an increased water use efficiency when compared with a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. For example, the plants grown from the seeds comprising the endophytic microbial population can have at least 5% higher WUE, for example, at least 10% higher, at least 20% higher, at least 30% higher, at least 40% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 60% higher, at least 70% higher, at least 80% higher, at least 90% higher, at least 100% higher WUE than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. Such an increase in WUE can occur under conditions without water deficit, or under conditions of water deficit, for example, when the soil water content is less than or equal to 60% of water saturated soil, for example, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 20%, less than or equal to 10% of water saturated soil on a weight basis.

In a related embodiment, the plant comprising the endophytic microbial population can have at least 10% higher relative water content (RWC), for example, at least 20% higher, at least 30% higher, at least 40% higher, at least 50% higher, at least 60% higher, at least 70% higher, at least 80% higher, at least 90% higher, at least 100% higher RWC than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions.

Many of the microbes described herein are capable of producing the plant hormone auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when grown in culture. Auxin may play a key role in altering the physiology of the plant, including the extent of root growth. Therefore, in another embodiment, the endophytic microbial population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to detectably induce production of auxin in the agricultural plant. For example, the increase in auxin production can be at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 15%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, or more, when compared with a reference agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the increased auxin production can be detected in a tissue type selected from the group consisting of the root, shoot, leaves, and flowers.

In another embodiment, the endophytic population of the present invention can cause a detectable modulation in the amount of a metabolite in the plant or part of the plant. Such modulation can be detected, for example, by measuring the levels of a given metabolite and comparing with the levels of the metabolite in a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions.

Formulations for Agricultural Use

The present invention contemplates a synthetic combination of a plant element that is associated with an endophyte to confer an improved trait of agronomic importance to the host plant, or an improved agronomic trait potential to a plant element associated with the endophyte, that upon and after germination will confer said benefit to the resultant host plant.

In some embodiments, the plant element is associated with an endophyte on its surface. Such association is contemplated to be via a mechanism selected from the group consisting of: spraying, immersion, coating, encapsulating, dusting, dripping, aerosolizing.

In some embodiments, the plant element is a leaf, and the synthetic combination is formulated for application as a foliar treatment.

In some embodiments, the plant element is a seed, and the synthetic combination is formulated for application as a seed coating.

In some embodiments, the plant element is a root, and the synthetic combination is formulated for application as a root treatment.

In certain embodiments, the plant element becomes associated with the endophyte(s) through delayed exposure. For example, the soil in which a plant element is to be introduced is first treated with a composition comprising the endophyte or combination of endophytes. In another example, the area around the plant or plant element is exposed to a formulation comprising the endophyte(s), and the plant element becomes subsequently associated with the endophyte(s) due to movement of soil, air, water, insects, mammals, human intervention, or other methods.

The plant element can be obtained from any agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the plant element of the first plant is from a monocotyledonous plant. For example, the plant element of the first plant is from a cereal plant. The plant element of the first plant can be selected from the group consisting of a maize seed, a wheat seed, a barley seed, a rice seed, a sugarcane seed, a maize root, a wheat root, a barley root, a sugarcane root, a rice root, a maize leaf, a wheat leaf, a barley leaf, a sugarcane leaf, or a rice leaf. In an alternative embodiment, the plant element of the first plant is from a dicotyledonous plant. The plant element of the first plant can be selected from the group consisting of a cotton seed, a tomato seed, a canola seed, a pepper seed, a soybean seed, a cotton root, a tomato root, a canola root, a pepper root, a soybean root, a cotton leaf, a tomato leaf, a canola leaf, a pepper leaf, or a soybean leaf. In still another embodiment, the plant element of the first plant can be from a genetically modified plant. In another embodiment, the plant element of the first plant can be a hybrid plant element.

The synthetic combination can comprise a plant element of the first plant which is surface-sterilized prior to combining with the endophytes. Such pre-treatment prior to coating the seed with endophytes removes the presence of other microbes which may interfere with the optimal colonization, growth and/or function of the endophyte. Surface sterilization of seeds can be accomplished without killing the seeds as described herein.

The endophyte populations described herein are intended to be useful in the improvement of agricultural plants, and as such, may be formulated with other compositions as part of an agriculturally compatible carrier. It is contemplated that such carriers can include, but not be limited to: seed treatment, root treatment, foliar treatment, soil treatment. The carrier composition with the endophyte populations, may be prepared for agricultural application as a liquid, a solid, or a gas formulation. Application to the plant may be achieved, for example, as a powder for surface deposition onto plant leaves, as a spray to the whole plant or selected plant element, as part of a drip to the soil or the roots, or as a coating onto the seed prior to planting. Such examples are meant to be illustrative and not limiting to the scope of the invention.

In some embodiments, the present invention contemplates plant elements comprising a endophytic microbial population, and further comprising a formulation. The formulation useful for these embodiments generally comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an agriculturally compatible carrier, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, and a nutrient.

In some cases, the endophytic population is mixed with an agriculturally compatible carrier. The carrier can be a solid carrier or liquid carrier. The carrier may be any one or more of a number of carriers that confer a variety of properties, such as increased stability, wettability, or dispersability. Wetting agents such as natural or synthetic surfactants, which can be nonionic or ionic surfactants, or a combination thereof can be included in a composition of the invention. Water-in-oil emulsions can also be used to formulate a composition that includes the endophytic population of the present invention (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,485,451, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Suitable formulations that may be prepared include wettable powders, granules, gels, agar strips or pellets, thickeners, and the like, microencapsulated particles, and the like, liquids such as aqueous flowables, aqueous suspensions, water-in-oil emulsions, etc. The formulation may include grain or legume products, for example, ground grain or beans, broth or flour derived from grain or beans, starch, sugar, or oil.

In some embodiments, the agricultural carrier may be soil or plant growth medium. Other agricultural carriers that may be used include fertilizers, plant-based oils, humectants, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, the agricultural carrier may be a solid, such as diatomaceous earth, loam, silica, alginate, clay, bentonite, vermiculite, seed cases, other plant and animal products, or combinations, including granules, pellets, or suspensions. Mixtures of any of the aforementioned ingredients are also contemplated as carriers, such as but not limited to, pesta (flour and kaolin clay), agar or flour-based pellets in loam, sand, or clay, etc. Formulations may include food sources for the cultured organisms, such as barley, rice, or other biological materials such as seed, leaf, root, plant elements, sugar cane bagasse, hulls or stalks from grain processing, ground plant material or wood from building site refuse, sawdust or small fibers from recycling of paper, fabric, or wood. Other suitable formulations will be known to those skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, the formulation can comprise a tackifier or adherent. Such agents are useful for combining the microbial population of the invention with carriers that can contain other compounds (e.g., control agents that are not biologic), to yield a coating composition. Such compositions help create coatings around the plant or plant element to maintain contact between the microbe and other agents with the plant or plant part. In one embodiment, adherents are selected from the group consisting of: alginate, gums, starches, lecithins, formononetin, polyvinyl alcohol, alkali formononetinate, hesperetin, polyvinyl acetate, cephalins, Gum Arabic, Xanthan Gum, Mineral Oil, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Arabino-galactan, Methyl Cellulose, PEG 400, Chitosan, Polyacrylamide, Polyacrylate, Polyacrylonitrile, Glycerol, Triethylene glycol, Vinyl Acetate, Gellan Gum, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Gum Ghatti, and polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene block copolymers. Other examples of adherent compositions that can be used in the synthetic preparation include those described in EP 0818135, CA 1229497, WO 2013090628, EP 0192342, WO 2008103422 and CA 1041788, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The formulation can also contain a surfactant. Non-limiting examples of surfactants include nitrogen-surfactant blends such as Prefer 28 (Cenex), Surf-N (US), Inhance (Brandt), P-28 (Wilfarm) and Patrol (Helena); esterified seed oils include Sun-It II (AmCy), MSO (UAP), Scoil (Agsco), Hasten (Wilfarm) and Mes-100 (Drexel); and organo-silicone surfactants include Silwet L77 (UAP), Silikin (Terra), Dyne-Amic (Helena), Kinetic (Helena), Sylgard 309 (Wilbur-Ellis) and Century (Precision). In one embodiment, the surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.01% v/v to 10% v/v. In another embodiment, the surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.1% v/v to 1% v/v.

In certain cases, the formulation includes a microbial stabilizer. Such an agent can include a desiccant. As used herein, a “desiccant” can include any compound or mixture of compounds that can be classified as a desiccant regardless of whether the compound or compounds are used in such concentrations that they in fact have a desiccating effect on the liquid inoculant. Such desiccants are ideally compatible with the endophytic population used, and should promote the ability of the microbial population to survive application on the plant elements and to survive desiccation. Examples of suitable desiccants include one or more of trehalose, sucrose, glycerol, and Methylene glycol. Other suitable desiccants include, but are not limited to, non-reducing sugars and sugar alcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol). The amount of desiccant introduced into the formulation can range from about 5% to about 50% by weight/volume, for example, between about 10% to about 40%, between about 15% and about 35%, or between about 20% and about 30%.

In some cases, it is advantageous for the formulation to contain agents such as a fungicide, an antibacterial agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, and a nutrient. Such agents are ideally compatible with the agricultural plant element or seedling onto which the formulation is applied (e.g., it should not be deleterious to the growth or health of the plant). Furthermore, the agent is ideally one which does not cause safety concerns for human, animal or industrial use (e.g., no safety issues, or the compound is sufficiently labile that the commodity plant product derived from the plant contains negligible amounts of the compound).

In the liquid form, for example, solutions or suspensions, the endophytic microbial populations of the present invention can be mixed or suspended in aqueous solutions. Suitable liquid diluents or carriers include aqueous solutions, petroleum distillates, or other liquid carriers.

Solid compositions can be prepared by dispersing the endophytic microbial populations of the invention in and on an appropriately divided solid carrier, such as peat, wheat, bran, vermiculite, clay, talc, bentonite, diatomaceous earth, fuller's earth, pasteurized soil, and the like. When such formulations are used as wettable powders, biologically compatible dispersing agents such as non-ionic, anionic, amphoteric, or cationic dispersing and emulsifying agents can be used.

The solid carriers used upon formulation include, for example, mineral carriers such as kaolin clay, pyrophyllite, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, acid white soil, vermiculite, and pearlite, and inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate. Also, organic fine powders such as wheat flour, wheat bran, and rice bran may be used. The liquid carriers include vegetable oils such as soybean oil and cottonseed oil, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, etc.

In one particular embodiment, the formulation is ideally suited for coating of the endophytic microbial population onto plant elements. The endophytic microbial populations described in the present invention are capable of conferring many agronomic benefits to the host plants. The ability to confer such benefits by coating the endophytic microbial populations on the surface of plant elements has many potential advantages, particularly when used in a commercial (agricultural) scale.

The endophytic microbial populations herein can be combined with one or more of the agents described above to yield a formulation suitable for combining with an agricultural plant element or seedling. The endophytic microbial population can be obtained from growth in culture, for example, using a synthetic growth medium. In addition, the microbe can be cultured on solid media, for example on petri dishes, scraped off and suspended into the preparation. Microbes at different growth phases can be used. For example, microbes at lag phase, early-log phase, mid-log phase, late-log phase, stationary phase, early death phase, or death phase can be used.

The formulations comprising the endophytic microbial population of the present invention typically contains between about 0.1 to 95% by weight, for example, between about 1% and 90%, between about 3% and 75%, between about 5% and 60%, between about 10% and 50% in wet weight of the endophytic population of the present invention. It is preferred that the formulation contains at least about 10̂2 per ml of formulation, at least about 10̂3 per ml of formulation, for example, at least about 10̂4, at least about 10̂5, at least about 10̂6, at least about 10̂7 CFU or spores, at least about 10̂8 CFU or spores per ml of formulation.

As described above, in certain embodiments, the present invention contemplates the use of endophytic bacteria and/or fungi that are heterologously disposed on the plant, for example, the plant element. In certain cases, the agricultural plant may contain bacteria that are substantially similar to, or even genetically indistinguishable from, the bacteria that are being applied to the plant. It is noted that, in many cases, the bacteria that are being applied is substantially different from the bacteria already present in several significant ways. First, the bacteria that are being applied to the agricultural plant have been adapted to culture, or adapted to be able to grow on growth media in isolation from the plant. Second, in many cases, the bacteria that are being applied are derived from a clonal origin, rather than from a heterologous origin and, as such, can be distinguished from the bacteria that are already present in the agricultural plant by the clonal similarity. For example, where a microbe that has been inoculated by a plant is also present in the plant (for example, in a different tissue or portion of the plant), or where the introduced microbe is sufficiently similar to a microbe that is present in some of the plants (or portion of the plant, including plant elements), it is still possible to distinguish between the inoculated microbe and the native microbe by distinguishing between the two microbe types on the basis of their epigenetic status (e.g., the bacteria that are applied, as well as their progeny, would be expected to have a much more uniform and similar pattern of cytosine methylation of its genome, with respect to the extent and/or location of methylation).

Endophytes Compatible with Agrichemicals

In certain embodiments, the endophyte is selected on the basis of its compatibility with commonly used agrichemicals. As mentioned earlier, plants, particularly agricultural plants, can be treated with a vast array of agrichemicals, including fungicides, biocides (anti-complex agents), herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, rodenticides, fertilizers, and other agents.

In some cases, it can be important for the endophyte to be compatible with agrichemicals, particularly those with anticomplex properties, in order to persist in the plant although, as mentioned earlier, there are many such anticomplex agents that do not penetrate the plant, at least at a concentration sufficient to interfere with the endophyte. Therefore, where a systemic anticomplex agent is used in the plant, compatibility of the endophyte to be inoculated with such agents will be an important criterion.

Fungicides.

In one embodiment, the control agent is a fungicide. As used herein, a fungicide is any compound or agent (whether chemical or biological) that can either inhibit the growth of a fungus or kill a fungus. In that sense, a “fungicide”, as used herein, encompasses compounds that may be fungistatic or fungicidal. As used herein, the fungicide can be a protectant, or agents that are effective predominantly on the seed surface, providing protection against seed surface-borne pathogens and providing some level of control of soil-borne pathogens. Non-limiting examples of protectant fungicides include captan, maneb, thiram, or fludioxonil.

The fungicide can be a systemic fungicide, which can be absorbed into the emerging seedling and inhibit or kill the fungus inside host plant tissues. Systemic fungicides used for seed treatment include, but are not limited to the following: azoxystrobin, carboxin, mefenoxam, metalaxyl, thiabendazole, trifloxystrobin, and various triazole fungicides, including difenoconazole, ipconazole, tebuconazole, and triticonazole. Mefenoxam and metalaxyl are primarily used to target the water mold fungi Pythium and Phytophthora. Some fungicides are preferred over others, depending on the plant species, either because of subtle differences in sensitivity of the pathogenic fungal species, or because of the differences in the fungicide distribution or sensitivity of the plants.

A fungicide can be a biological control agent, such as a bacterium or fungus. Such organisms may be parasitic to the pathogenic fungi, or secrete toxins or other substances which can kill or otherwise prevent the growth of fungi. Any type of fungicide, particularly ones that are commonly used on plants, can be used as a control agent in a seed composition.

Antibacterial Agents.

In some cases, the seed coating composition comprises a control agent which has antibacterial properties. In one embodiment, the control agent with antibacterial properties is selected from the compounds described herein elsewhere. In another embodiment, the compound is Streptomycin, oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, or gentamicin.

Plant Growth Regulators.

The seed coat composition can further comprise a plant growth regulator. In one embodiment, the plant growth regulator is selected from the group consisting of: Abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine, brassinolide, butralin, chlormequat (chlormequat chloride), choline chloride, cyclanilide, daminozide, dikegulac, dimethipin, 2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, flumetralin, flurprimidol, fluthiacet, forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid, inabenfide, indole-3-acetic acid, maleic hydrazide, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquat chloride), naphthaleneacetic acid, N-6-benzyladenine, paclobutrazol, prohexadione (prohexadione-calcium), prohydrojasmon, thidiazuron, triapenthenol, tributyl phosphorotrithioate, 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid, trinexapac-ethyl and uniconazole. Other examples of antibacterial compounds which can be used as part of a seed coating composition include those based on dichlorophene and benzylalcohol hemi formal (Proxel® from ICI or Acticide® RS from Thor Chemie and Kathon® MK from Rohm & Haas) and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones and benzisothiazolinones (Acticide® MBS from Thor Chemie). Other plant growth regulators that can be incorporated seed coating compositions are described in US 2012/0108431, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Nematicides.

Preferred nematode-antagonistic biocontrol agents include ARF18; Arthrobotrys spp.; Chaetomium spp.; Cylindrocarpon spp.; Exophilia spp.; Fusarium spp.; Gliocladium spp.; Hirsutella spp.; Lecanicillium spp.; Monacrosporium spp.; Myrothecium spp.; Neocosmospora spp.; Paecilomyces spp.; Pochonia spp.; Stagonospora spp.; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Burkholderia spp.; Pasteuria spp., Brevibacillus spp.; Pseudomonas spp.; and Rhizobacteria. Particularly preferred nematode-antagonistic biocontrol agents include ARF18, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Arthrobotrys dactyloides, Chaetomium globosum, Cylindrocarpon heteronema, Exophilia jeanselmei, Exophilia pisciphila, Fusarium aspergilus, Fusarium solani, Gliocladium catenulatum, Gliocladium roseum, Gliocladium vixens, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Hirsutella minnesotensis, Lecanicillium lecanii, Monacrosporium drechsleri, Monacrosporium gephyropagum, Myrotehcium verrucaria, Neocosmospora vasinfecta, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Stagonospora heteroderae, Stagonospora phaseoli, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Burkholderia cepacia, Pasteuria penetrans, Pasteuria thornei, Pasteuria nishizawae, Pasteuria ramosa, Pastrueia usage, Brevibacillus laterosporus strain G4, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Rhizobacteria.

Nutrients.

In another embodiment, the seed coating composition can comprise a nutrient. The nutrient can be selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen fertilizer including, but not limited to Urea, Ammonium nitrate, Ammonium sulfate, Non-pressure nitrogen solutions, Aqua ammonia, Anhydrous ammonia, Ammonium thiosulfate, Sulfur-coated urea, Urea-formaldehydes, IBDU, Polymer-coated urea, Calcium nitrate, Ureaform, and Methylene urea, phosphorous fertilizers such as Diammonium phosphate, Monoammonium phosphate, Ammonium polyphosphate, Concentrated superphosphate and Triple superphosphate, and potassium fertilizers such as Potassium chloride, Potassium sulfate, Potassium-magnesium sulfate, Potassium nitrate. Such compositions can exist as free salts or ions within the seed coat composition. Alternatively, nutrients/fertilizers can be complexed or chelated to provide sustained release over time.

Rodenticides.

Rodents such as mice and rats cause considerable economical damage by eating and soiling planted or stored seeds. Moreover, mice and rats transmit a large number of infectious diseases such as plague, typhoid, leptospirosis, trichinosis and salmonellosis. Anticoagulants such as coumarin and indandione derivatives play an important role in the control of rodents. These active ingredients are simple to handle, relatively harmless to humans and have the advantage that, as the result of the delayed onset of the activity, the animals being controlled identify no connection with the bait that they have ingested, therefore do not avoid it. This is an important aspect in particular in social animals such as rats, where individuals act as tasters. In one embodiment, the seed coating composition comprises a rodenticide selected from the group of substances consisting of 2-isovalerylindan-1,3-dione, 4-(quinoxalin-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide, alpha-chlorohydrin, aluminum phosphide, antu, arsenous oxide, barium carbonate, bisthiosemi, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, bromethalin, calcium cyanide, chloralose, chlorophacinone, cholecalciferol, coumachlor, coumafuryl, coumatetralyl, crimidine, difenacoum, difethialone, diphacinone, ergocalciferol, flocoumafen, fluoroacetamide, flupropadine, flupropadine hydrochloride, hydrogen cyanide, iodomethane, lindane, magnesium phosphide, methyl bromide, norbormide, phosacetim, phosphine, phosphorus, pindone, potassium arsenite, pyrinuron, scilliroside, sodium arsenite, sodium cyanide, sodium fluoroacetate, strychnine, thallium sulfate, warfarin and zinc phosphide.

Compatibility

In one embodiment, natural isolates of endophytes that are compatible with agrichemicals can be used to inoculate the plants according to the methods described herein. For example, endophytes that are compatible with agriculturally employed anticomplex agents can be isolated by plating a culture of endophytes on a petri dish comprising an effective concentration of the anticomplex agent, and isolating colonies of endophytes that are compatible with the anticomplex agent. In another embodiment, an endophyte that is compatible with an anticomplex agent is used for the methods described herein.

Bactericide-compatible endophyte can also be isolated by selection on liquid medium. The culture of endophytes can be plated on petri dishes without any forms of mutagenesis; alternatively, endophytes can be mutagenized using any means known in the art. For example, endophyte cultures can be exposed to UV light, gamma-irradiation, or chemical mutagens such as ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) prior to selection on fungicide comprising media. Finally, where the mechanism of action of a particular bactericide is known, the target gene can be specifically mutated (either by gene deletion, gene replacement, site-directed mutagenesis, etc.) to generate an endophyte that is resilient against that particular chemical. It is noted that the above-described methods can be used to isolate endophytes that are compatible with both bacteriostatic and bactericidal compounds.

It will also be appreciated by one skilled in the art that a plant may be exposed to multiple types of anticomplex compounds, either simultaneously or in succession, for example at different stages of plant growth. Where the target plant is likely to be exposed to multiple anticomplex agents, an endophyte that is compatible with many or all of these agrichemicals can be used to inoculate the plant. An endophyte that is compatible with several agents can be isolated, for example, by serial selection. An endophyte that is compatible with the first agent can be isolated as described above (with or without prior mutagenesis). A culture of the resulting endophyte can then be selected for the ability to grow on liquid or solid media comprising the second agent (again, with or without prior mutagenesis). Colonies isolated from the second selection are then tested to confirm its compatibility to both agents.

Likewise, endophytes that are compatible to biocides (including herbicides such as glyphosate or anticomplex compounds, whether bacteriostatic or bactericidal) that are agriculturally employed can be isolated using methods similar to those described for isolating compatible endophytes. In one embodiment, mutagenesis of the endophyte population can be performed prior to selection with an anticomplex agent. In another embodiment, selection is performed on the endophyte population without prior mutagenesis. In still another embodiment, serial selection is performed on an endophyte: the endophyte is first selected for compatibility to a first anticomplex agent. The isolated compatible endophyte is then cultured and selected for compatibility to the second anticomplex agent. Any colony thus isolated is tested for compatibility to each, or both anticomplex agents to confirm compatibility with these two agents.

Compatibility with an antimicrobial agent can be determined by a number of means known in the art, including the comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the unmodified and modified endophytes. Therefore, in one embodiment, the present invention discloses an isolated modified endophyte, wherein the endophyte is modified such that it exhibits at least 3 fold greater, for example, at least 5 fold greater, at least 10 fold greater, at least 20 fold greater, at least 30 fold greater or more MIC to an antimicrobial agent when compared with the unmodified endophyte.

In one particular aspect, disclosed herein are endophytes with enhanced compatibility to the herbicide glyphosate. In one embodiment, the endophyte has a doubling time in growth medium comprising at least 1 mM glyphosate, for example, at least 2 mM glyphosate, at least 5 mM glyphosate, at least 10 mM glyphosate, at least 15 mM glyphosate or more, that is no more than 250%, for example, no more than 200%, no more than 175%, no more than 150%, or no more than 125%, of the doubling time of the endophyte in the same growth medium comprising no glyphosate. In one particular embodiment, the endophyte has a doubling time in growth medium comprising 5 mM glyphosate that is no more than 150% the doubling time of the endophyte in the same growth medium comprising no glyphosate.

In another embodiment, the endophyte has a doubling time in a plant tissue comprising at least 10 ppm glyphosate, for example, at least 15 ppm glyphosate, at least 20 ppm glyphosate, at least 30 ppm glyphosate, at least 40 ppm glyphosate or more, that is no more than 250%, for example, no more than 200%, no more than 175%, no more than 150%, or no more than 125%, of the doubling time of the endophyte in a reference plant tissue comprising no glyphosate. In one particular embodiment, the endophyte has a doubling time in a plant tissue comprising 40 ppm glyphosate that is no more than 150% the doubling time of the endophyte in a reference plant tissue comprising no glyphosate.

The selection process described above can be repeated to identify isolates of endophytes that are compatible with a multitude of agents.

Candidate isolates can be tested to ensure that the selection for agrichemical compatibility did not result in loss of a desired bioactivity. Isolates of endophytes that are compatible with commonly employed agents can be selected as described above. The resulting compatible endophyte can be compared with the parental endophyte on plants in its ability to promote germination.

The agrichemical compatible endophytes generated as described above can be detected in samples. For example, where a transgene was introduced to render the endophyte compatible with the agrichemical(s), the transgene can be used as a target gene for amplification and detection by PCR. In addition, where point mutations or deletions to a portion of a specific gene or a number of genes results in compatibility with the agrichemical(s), the unique point mutations can likewise be detected by PCR or other means known in the art. Such methods allow the detection of the endophyte even if it is no longer viable. Thus, commodity plant products produced using the agrichemical compatible endophytes described herein can readily be identified by employing these and related methods of nucleic acid detection.

Beneficial Attributes of Synthetic Combinations of Plant Elements and Endophytes

Improved Attributes Conferred by Endophytes.

The present invention contemplates the establishment of a symbiont in a plant element. In one embodiment, endophyte association results in a detectable change to the plant element, in particular the seed or the whole plant. The detectable change can be an improvement in a number of agronomic traits (e.g., improved general health, increased response to biotic or abiotic stresses, or enhanced properties of the plant or a plant element, including fruits and grains). Alternatively, the detectable change can be a physiological or biological change that can be measured by methods known in the art. The detectable changes are described in more detail in the sections below. As used herein, an endophyte is considered to have conferred an improved agricultural trait whether or not the improved trait arose from the plant, the endophyte, or the concerted action between the plant and endophyte. Therefore, for example, whether a beneficial hormone or chemical is produced by the plant or the endophyte, for purposes of the present invention, the endophyte will be considered to have conferred an improved agronomic trait upon the host plant.

In some aspects, provided herein, are methods for producing a seed of a plant with a heritably altered trait. The trait of the plant can be altered without known genetic modification of the plant genome, and comprises the following steps. First, a preparation of an isolated endophyte that is heterologous to the seed of the plant is provided, and optionally processed to produce an endophyte formulation. The endophyte formulation is then contacted with the plant. The plants are then allowed to go to seed, and the seeds are collected.

Improved General Health.

Also described herein are plants, and fields of plants, that are associated with beneficial endophytes, such that the overall fitness, productivity or health of the plant or a portion thereof, is maintained, increased and/or improved over a period of time. Improvement in overall plant health can be assessed using numerous physiological parameters including, but not limited to, height, overall biomass, root and/or shoot biomass, seed germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, seed/fruit number or mass, plant grain or fruit yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, root length, or any combination thereof. Improved plant health, or improved field health, can also be demonstrated through improved resistance or response to a given stress, either biotic or abiotic stress, or a combination of one or more abiotic stresses, as provided herein.

Other Abiotic Stresses.

Disclosed herein are endophyte-associated plants with increased resistance to an abiotic stress. Exemplary abiotic stresses include, but are not limited to:

Drought and Heat Tolerance.

In some cases, a plant resulting from seeds or other plant components treated with an endophyte can exhibit a physiological change, such as a compensation of the stress-induced reduction in photosynthetic activity (expressed, for example, as ΔFv/Fm) after exposure to heat shock or drought conditions as compared to a corresponding control, genetically identical plant that does not contain the endophytes grown in the same conditions. In some cases, the endophyte-associated plant as disclosed herein can exhibit an increased change in photosynthetic activity ΔFv(ΔFv/Fm) after heat-shock or drought stress treatment, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days or more after the heat-shock or drought stress treatment, or until photosynthesis ceases, as compared with corresponding control plant of similar developmental stage but not comprising endophytes. For example, a plant having an endophyte able to confer heat and/or drought-tolerance can exhibit a ΔFv/Fm of from about 0.1 to about 0.8 after exposure to heat-shock or drought stress or a ΔFv/Fm range of from about 0.03 to about 0.8 under one day, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or over 7 days post heat-shock or drought stress treatment, or until photosynthesis ceases. In some embodiments, stress-induced reductions in photosynthetic activity can be compensated by at least about 0.25% (for example, at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3, at least about 5%, at least about 8%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 99% or at least 100%) as compared to the photosynthetic activity decrease in a corresponding reference agricultural plant following heat shock conditions. Significance of the difference between endophyte-associated and reference agricultural plants can be established upon demonstrating statistical significance, for example at p<0.05 with an appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistic, e.g., Chi-square test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or F-test based on the assumption or known facts that the endophyte-associated plant and reference agricultural plant have identical or near identical genomes (isoline comparison).

In some embodiments, the plants comprise endophytes able to increase heat and/or drought-tolerance in sufficient quantity, such that increased growth or improved recovery from wilting under conditions of heat or drought stress is observed. For example, an endophyte population described herein can be present in sufficient quantity in a plant, resulting in increased growth as compared to a plant that does not contain endophytes, when grown under drought conditions or heat shock conditions, or following such conditions. Increased heat and/or drought tolerance can be assessed with physiological parameters including, but not limited to, increased height, overall biomass, root and/or shoot biomass, seed germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, seed/fruit number or mass, plant grain or fruit yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, root length, wilt recovery, turgor pressure, or any combination thereof, as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under similar conditions.

In various embodiments, endophytes introduced into altered seed microbiota can confer in the resulting plant thermal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, drought resistance, insect resistance, fungus resistance, virus resistance, bacteria resistance, male sterility, cold tolerance, salt tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nutrient use efficiency, increased nitrogen use efficiency, increased protein content, increased fermentable carbohydrate content, reduced lignin content, increased antioxidant content, enhanced water use efficiency, increased vigor, increased germination efficiency, earlier or increased flowering, increased biomass, altered root-to-shoot biomass ratio, enhanced soil water retention, or a combination thereof. A difference between the endophyte-associated plant and a reference agricultural plant can also be measured using other methods known in the art (see, for example, Haake et al. (2002) Plant Physiol. 130: 639-648, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety)

Salt Stress.

In other embodiments, endophytes able to confer increased tolerance to salinity stress can be introduced into plants. The resulting plants comprising endophytes can exhibit increased resistance to salt stress, whether measured in terms of survival under saline conditions, or overall growth during, or following salt stress. The physiological parameters of plant health recited above, including height, overall biomass, root and/or shoot biomass, seed germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, seed/fruit number or mass, plant grain or fruit yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, root length, or any combination thereof, can be used to measure growth, and compared with the growth rate of reference agricultural plants (e.g., isogenic plants without the endophytes) grown under identical conditions.

In other instances, endophyte-associated plants and reference agricultural plants can be grown in soil or growth media comprising different concentration of sodium to establish the inhibitory concentration of sodium (expressed, for example, as the concentration in which growth of the plant is inhibited by 50% when compared with plants grown under no sodium stress). Therefore, in another embodiment, a plant resulting from seeds comprising an endophyte able to confer salt tolerance described herein exhibits an increase in the inhibitory sodium concentration by at least 10 mM, for example at least 15 mM, at least 20 mM, at least 30 mM, at least 40 mM, at least 50 mM, at least 60 mM, at least 70 mM, at least 80 mM, at least 90 mM, at least 100 mM or more, when compared with the reference agricultural plants.

High Metal Content.

Plants are sessile organisms and therefore must contend with the environment in which they are placed. Plants have adapted many mechanisms to deal with chemicals and substances that may be deleterious to their health. Heavy metals in particular represent a class of toxins that are highly relevant for plant growth and agriculture, because many of them are associated with fertilizers and sewage sludge used to amend soils and can accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural fields (Mortvedt 1996, Fertilizer Res. 43:55-61; Kidd et al. 2007, Chemosphere 66:1458-1467, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Therefore, for agricultural purposes, it is important to have plants that are able to tolerate soils comprising elevated levels of toxic heavy metals. Plants cope with toxic levels of heavy metals (for example, nickel, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, or aluminum) in the soil by excretion and internal sequestration (Choi et al. 2001, Planta 213:45-50; Kumar et al. 1995, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29:1232-1238, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety)). Endophytes that are able to confer increased heavy metal tolerance may do so by enhancing sequestration of the metal in certain compartments away from the seed or fruit and/or by supplementing other nutrients necessary to remediate the stress (Burd et al. 2000, Can. J. Microbiol. 46:237-245; Rajkumar et al. 2009, Chemosphere 77:153-160, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). Use of such endophytes in a plant would allow the development of novel plant-endophyte combinations for purposes of environmental remediation (also known as phytoremediation). Therefore, in one embodiment, the plant comprising endophytes shows increased metal tolerance as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same heavy metal concentration in the soil.

Alternatively, the inhibitory concentration of the heavy metal can be determined for endophyte-associated plant and compared with a reference agricultural plant under the same conditions. Therefore, in one embodiment, the plants resulting from seeds comprising an endophyte able to confer heavy metal tolerance described herein exhibit an increase in the inhibitory sodium concentration by at least 0.1 mM, for example at least 0.3 mM, at least 0.5 mM, at least 1 mM, at least 2 mM, at least 5 mM, at least 10 mM, at least 15 mM, at least 20 mM, at least 30 mM, at least 50 mM or more, when compared with the reference agricultural plants.

Finally, plants inoculated with endophytes that are able to confer increased metal tolerance exhibit an increase in overall metal excretion by at least 10%, for example at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300% or more, when compared with uninoculated plants grown under the same conditions.

Low Nutrient Stress.

Endophytes described herein may also confer to the plant an increased ability to grow in nutrient limiting conditions, for example by solubilizing or otherwise making available to the plants macronutrients or micronutrients that are complexed, insoluble, or otherwise in an unavailable form. In one embodiment, a plant is inoculated with an endophyte that confers increased ability to liberate and/or otherwise provide to the plant with nutrients selected from the group consisting of phosphate, nitrogen, potassium, iron, manganese, calcium, molybdenum, vitamins, or other micronutrients. Such a plant can exhibit increased growth in soil comprising limiting amounts of such nutrients when compared with reference agricultural plant. Differences between the endophyte-associated plant and reference agricultural plant can be measured by comparing the biomass of the two plant types grown under limiting conditions, or by measuring the physical parameters described above. Therefore, in one embodiment, the plant comprising endophyte shows increased tolerance to nutrient limiting conditions as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same nutrient limited concentration in the soil, as measured for example by increased biomass or seed yield of at least 10%, for example at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 75%, at least 100%, at least 150%, at least 200%, at least 300% or more, when compared with uninoculated plants grown under the same conditions. In another embodiment, the plant containing the endophyte is able to grown under nutrient stress conditions while exhibiting no difference in the physiological parameter compared to a plant that is grown without nutrient stress. In some embodiments, such a plant will exhibit no difference in the physiological parameter when grown with 2-5% less nitrogen than average cultivation practices on normal agricultural land, for example, at least 5-10% less nitrogen, at least 10-15% less nitrogen, at least 15-20% less nitrogen, at least 20-25% less nitrogen, at least 25-30% less nitrogen, at least 30-35% less nitrogen, at least 35-40% less nitrogen, at least 40-45% less nitrogen, at least 45-50% less nitrogen, at least 50-55% less nitrogen, at least 55-60% less nitrogen, at least 60-65% less nitrogen, at least 65-70% less nitrogen, at least 70-75% less nitrogen, at least 80-85% less nitrogen, at least 85-90% less nitrogen, at least 90-95% less nitrogen, or less, when compared with crop plants grown under normal conditions during an average growing season. In some embodiments, the microbe capable of providing nitrogen-stress tolerance to a plant is diazotrophic. In other embodiments, the microbe capable of providing nitrogen-stress tolerance to a plant is non-diazotrophic.

Cold Stress.

In some cases, endophytes can confer to the plant the ability to tolerate cold stress. Many known methods exist for the measurement of a plant's tolerance to cold stress (as reviewed, for example, in Thomashow (2001) Plant Physiol. 125: 89-93, and Gilmour et al. (2000) Plant Physiol. 124: 1854-1865, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). As used herein, cold stress refers to both the stress induced by chilling (0° C.-15° C.) and freezing (<0° C.). Some cultivars of agricultural plants can be particularly sensitive to cold stress, but cold tolerance traits may be multigenic, making the breeding process difficult. Endophytes able to confer cold tolerance would potentially reduce the damage suffered by farmers on an annual basis Barka et al. 2006, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:7246-7252, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Improved response to cold stress can be measured by survival of plants, production of protectant substances such as anthocyanin, the amount of necrosis of parts of the plant, or a change in crop yield loss, as well as the physiological parameters used in other examples. Therefore, in one embodiment, the plant comprising endophytes shows increased cold tolerance exhibits as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions of cold stress.

Biotic Stress.

In other embodiments, the endophyte protects the plant from a biotic stress, for example, insect infestation, nematode infestation, complex infection, fungal infection, oomycete infection, protozoal infection, viral infection, and herbivore grazing, or a combination thereof.

Insect Herbivory.

There are an abundance of insect pest species that can infect or infest a wide variety of plants. Pest infestation can lead to significant damage. Insect pests that infest plant species are particularly problematic in agriculture as they can cause serious damage to crops and significantly reduce plant yields. A wide variety of different types of plant are susceptible to pest infestation including commercial crops such as cotton, soybean, wheat, barley, and corn.

In some cases, endophytes described herein may confer upon the host plant the ability to repel insect herbivores. In other cases, endophytes may produce, or induce the production in the plant of, compounds which are insecticidal or insect repellant. The insect may be any one of the common pathogenic insects affecting plants, particularly agricultural plants.

The endophyte-associated plant can be tested for its ability to resist, or otherwise repel, pathogenic insects by measuring, for example, insect load, overall plant biomass, biomass of the fruit or grain, percentage of intact leaves, or other physiological parameters described herein, and comparing with a reference agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits increased biomass as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, endophyte-associated plants). In other embodiments, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits increased fruit or grain yield as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, endophyte-associated plants).

Nematodes.

Nematodes are microscopic roundworms that feed on the roots, fluids, leaves and stems of more than 2,000 row crops, vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants, causing an estimated $100 billion crop loss worldwide and accounting for 13% of global crop losses due to disease. A variety of parasitic nematode species infect crop plants, including root-knot nematodes (RKN), cyst- and lesion-forming nematodes. Root-knot nematodes, which are characterized by causing root gall formation at feeding sites, have a relatively broad host range and are therefore parasitic on a large number of crop species. The cyst- and lesion-forming nematode species have a more limited host range, but still cause considerable losses in susceptible crops.

Signs of nematode damage include stunting and yellowing of leaves, and wilting of the plants during hot periods. Nematode infestation, however, can cause significant yield losses without any obvious above-ground disease symptoms. The primary causes of yield reduction are due to underground root damage. Roots infected by SCN are dwarfed or stunted. Nematode infestation also can decrease the number of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots, and may make the roots more susceptible to attacks by other soil-borne plant nematodes.

In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant has an increased resistance to a nematode when compared with a reference agricultural plant. As before with insect herbivores, biomass of the plant or a portion of the plant, or any of the other physiological parameters mentioned elsewhere, can be compared with the reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. Particularly useful measurements include overall plant biomass, biomass and/or size of the fruit or grain, and root biomass. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits increased biomass as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, under conditions of nematode challenge). In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits increased root biomass as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, under conditions of nematode challenge). In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits increased fruit or grain yield as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, under conditions of nematode challenge).

Fungal Pathogens.

Fungal diseases are responsible for yearly losses of over $10 Billion on agricultural crops in the US, represent 42% of global crop losses due to disease, and are caused by a large variety of biologically diverse pathogens. Different strategies have traditionally been used to control them. Resistance traits have been bred into agriculturally important varieties, thus providing various levels of resistance against either a narrow range of pathogen isolates or races, or against a broader range. However, this involves the long and labor intensive process of introducing desirable traits into commercial lines by genetic crosses and, due to the risk of pests evolving to overcome natural plant resistance, a constant effort to breed new resistance traits into commercial lines is required. Alternatively, fungal diseases have been controlled by the application of chemical fungicides. This strategy usually results in efficient control, but is also associated with the possible development of resistant pathogens and can be associated with a negative impact on the environment. Moreover, in certain crops, such as barley and wheat, the control of fungal pathogens by chemical fungicides is difficult or impractical.

The present invention contemplates the use of endophytes that are able to confer resistance to fungal pathogens to the host plant. Increased resistance to fungal inoculation can be measured, for example, using any of the physiological parameters presented above, by comparing with reference agricultural plants. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits increased biomass and/or less pronounced disease symptoms as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, infected with the fungal pathogen). In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits increased fruit or grain yield as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, infected with the fungal pathogen). In another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits decreased hyphal growth as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions (e.g., grown side-by-side, or adjacent to, the endophyte-associated plants, infected with the fungal pathogen).

Viral Pathogens.

Plant viruses are estimated to account for 18% of global crop losses due to disease. There are numerous examples of viral pathogens affecting agricultural productivity. In one embodiment, the endophyte provides protection against viral pathogens such that the plant has increased biomass as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits greater fruit or grain yield, when challenged with a virus, as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits lower viral titer, when challenged with a virus, as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions.

Complex Pathogens.

Likewise, endofungal bacterial pathogens are a significant problem negatively affecting agricultural productivity and accounting for 27% of global crop losses due to plant disease. In one embodiment, the endophyte described herein provides protection against endofungal bacterial pathogens such that the plant has greater biomass as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In still another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits greater fruit or grain yield, when challenged with a complex pathogen, as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. In yet another embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant exhibits lower complex count, when challenged with a bacterium, as compared to a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions.

Improvement of Other Traits.

In other embodiments, the endophyte can confer other beneficial traits to the plant. Improved traits can include an improved nutritional content of the plant or plant element used for human consumption. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant is able to produce a detectable change in the content of at least one nutrient. Examples of such nutrients include amino acid, protein, oil (including any one of Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Alpha-linoleic acid, Saturated fatty acids, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Trans fats), carbohydrate (including sugars such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, starch, or dietary fiber), Vitamin A, Thiamine (vit. B1), Riboflavin (vit. B2), Niacin (vit. B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, Folate (vit. B9), Choline, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Zinc. In one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant or part thereof contains at least one increased nutrient when compared with reference agricultural plants.

In other cases, the improved trait can include reduced content of a harmful or undesirable substance when compared with reference agricultural plants. Such compounds include those which are harmful when ingested in large quantities or are bitter tasting (for example, oxalic acid, amygdalin, certain alkaloids such as solanine, caffeine, nicotine, quinine and morphine, tannins, cyanide). As such, in one embodiment, the endophyte-associated plant or part thereof contains less of the undesirable substance when compared with reference agricultural plant. In a related embodiment, the improved trait can include improved taste of the plant or a part of the plant, including the fruit or seed. In a related embodiment, the improved trait can include reduction of undesirable compounds produced by other endophytes in plants, such as degradation of Fusarium-produced deoxynivalenol (also known as vomitoxin and a virulence factor involved in Fusarium head blight of maize and wheat) in a part of the plant, including the fruit or seed.

In other cases, the improved trait can be an increase in overall biomass of the plant or a part of the plant, including its fruit or seed.

The endophyte-associated plant can also have an altered hormone status or altered levels of hormone production when compared with a reference agricultural plant. An alteration in hormonal status may affect many physiological parameters, including flowering time, water efficiency, apical dominance and/or lateral shoot branching, increase in root hair, and alteration in fruit ripening.

The association between the endophyte and the plant can also be detected using other methods known in the art. For example, the biochemical, metabolomics, proteomic, genomic, epigenomic and/or transcriptomic profiles of endophyte-associated plants can be compared with reference agricultural plants under the same conditions.

Metabolomic differences between the plants can be detected using methods known in the art. For example, a biological sample (whole tissue, exudate, phloem sap, xylem sap, root exudate, etc.) from endophyte-associated and reference agricultural plants can be analyzed essentially as described in Fiehn et al., (2000) Nature Biotechnol., 18, 1157-1161, or Roessner et al., (2001) Plant Cell, 13, 11-29, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Such metabolomic methods can be used to detect differences in levels in hormone, nutrients, secondary metabolites, root exudates, phloem sap content, xylem sap content, heavy metal content, and the like. Such methods are also useful for detecting alterations in endophyte content and status; for example, the presence and levels of signaling molecules (e.g., autoinducers and pheromones), which can indicate the status of group-based behavior of endophytes based on, for example, population density (see, for example Daniels et al., 2006, PNAS 103: 14965-14970; Eberhard et al. 1981, Biochemistry 20: 2444-2449, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Transcriptome analysis (reviewed, for example, in Usadel & Fernie, 2013, Front. Plant Sci. 4:48, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) of endophyte-associated and reference agricultural plants can also be performed to detect changes in expression of at least one transcript, or a set or network of genes upon endophyte association. Similarly, epigenetic changes can be detected using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (Vining et al. 2013, BMC Plant Biol. 13:92, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

Populations of Plant Elements

In another aspect, the invention provides for a substantially uniform population of plant elements comprising a plurality of plant elements comprising the endophytic microbial population, as described herein above. Substantial uniformity can be determined in many ways. In some cases, at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the plant elements in the population, contains the endophytic microbial population in an amount effective to colonize the plant disposed on the surface of the plant elements. In other cases, at least 10%, for example, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the plant elements in the population, contains at least 100 CFU or spores on its surface, for example, at least 200 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, or at least 1,000,000 CFU or spores per plant element or more.

The synthetic combinations of the present invention may be confined within an object selected from the group consisting of: bottle, jar, ampule, package, vessel, bag, box, bin, envelope, carton, container, silo, shipping container, truck bed, and case. In a particular embodiment, the population of plant elements is packaged in a bag or container suitable for commercial sale. For example, a bag contains a unit weight or count of the plant elements comprising the endophytic microbial population as described herein, and further comprises a label. In one embodiment, the bag or container contains at least 1,000 plant elements, for example, at least 5,000 plant elements, at least 10,000 plant elements, at least 20,000 plant elements, at least 30,000 plant elements, at least 50,000 plant elements, at least 70,000 plant elements, at least 80,000 plant elements, at least 90,000 plant elements or more. In another embodiment, the bag or container can comprise a discrete weight of plant elements, for example, at least 1 lb, at least 2 lbs, at least 5 lbs, at least 10 lbs, at least 30 lbs, at least 50 lbs, at least 70 lbs or more. The bag or container comprises a label describing the plant elements and/or said endophytic microbial population. The label can contain additional information, for example, the information selected from the group consisting of: net weight, lot number, geographic origin of the plant elements, test date, germination rate, inert matter content, and the amount of noxious weeds, if any. Suitable containers or packages include those traditionally used in plant plant element commercialization. The invention also contemplates other containers with more sophisticated storage capabilities (e.g., with microbiologically tight wrappings or with gas- or water-proof containments).

In some cases, a sub-population of plant elements comprising the endophytic microbial population is further selected on the basis of increased uniformity, for example, on the basis of uniformity of microbial population. For example, individual plant elements of pools collected from individual cobs, individual plants, individual plots (representing plants inoculated on the same day) or individual fields can be tested for uniformity of microbial density, and only those pools meeting specifications (e.g., at least 80% of tested plant elements have minimum density, as determined by quantitative methods described elsewhere) are combined to provide the agricultural plant element sub-population.

The methods described herein can also comprise a validating step. The validating step can entail, for example, growing some plant elements collected from the inoculated plants into mature agricultural plants, and testing those individual plants for uniformity. Such validating step can be performed on individual plant elements collected from cobs, individual plants, individual plots (representing plants inoculated on the same day) or individual fields, and tested as described above to identify pools meeting the required specifications.

Populations of Plants, Agricultural Fields

A major focus of crop improvement efforts has been to select varieties with traits that give, in addition to the highest return, the greatest homogeneity and uniformity. While inbreeding can yield plants with substantial genetic identity, heterogeneity with respect to plant height, flowering time, and time to seed, remain impediments to obtaining a homogeneous field of plants. The inevitable plant-to-plant variability are caused by a multitude of factors, including uneven environmental conditions and management practices. Another possible source of variability can, in some cases, be due to the heterogeneity of the microbial population inhabit the plants. By providing endophytic microbial populations onto seeds and seedlings, the resulting plants generated by germinating the seeds and seedlings have a more consistent microbial composition, and thus are expected to yield a more uniform population of plants.

Therefore, in another aspect, the invention provides a substantially uniform population of plants. The population comprises at least 100 plants, for example, at least 300 plants, at least 1,000 plants, at least 3,000 plants, at least 10,000 plants, at least 30,000 plants, at least 100,000 plants or more. The plants are grown from the seeds comprising the endophytic microbial population as described herein. The increased uniformity of the plants can be measured in a number of different ways.

In one embodiment, there is an increased uniformity with respect to the microbes within the plant population. For example, in one embodiment, a substantial portion of the population of plants, for example at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the seeds or plants in a population, contains a threshold number of the endophytic microbial population. The threshold number can be at least 100 CFU or spores, for example at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores or more, in the plant or a part of the plant. Alternatively, in a substantial portion of the population of plants, for example, in at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or more of the plants in the population, the endophytic microbial population that is provided to the seed or seedling represents at least 10%, least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% of the total microbe population in the plant/seed.

In another embodiment, there is an increased uniformity with respect to a physiological parameter of the plants within the population. In some cases, there can be an increased uniformity in the height of the plants when compared with a population of reference agricultural plants grown under the same conditions. For example, there can be a reduction in the standard deviation in the height of the plants in the population of at least 2%, for example at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or more, when compared with a population of reference agricultural plants grown under the same conditions. In other cases, there can be a reduction in the standard deviation in the flowering time of the plants in the population of at least 2%, for example at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or more, when compared with a population of reference agricultural plants grown under the same conditions.

Commodity Plant Product

The present invention provides a commodity plant product, as well as methods for producing a commodity plant product, that is derived from a plant of the present invention. As used herein, a “commodity plant product” refers to any composition or product that is comprised of material derived from a plant, seed, plant cell, or plant part of the present invention. Commodity plant products may be sold to consumers and can be viable or nonviable. Nonviable commodity products include but are not limited to nonviable seeds and grains; processed seeds, seed parts, and plant parts; dehydrated plant tissue, frozen plant tissue, and processed plant tissue; seeds and plant parts processed for animal feed for terrestrial and/or aquatic animal consumption, oil, meal, flour, flakes, bran, fiber, paper, tea, coffee, silage, crushed of whole grain, and any other food for human or animal consumption; and biomasses and fuel products; and raw material in industry. Industrial uses of oils derived from the agricultural plants described herein include ingredients for paints, plastics, fibers, detergents, cosmetics, lubricants, and biodiesel fuel. Soybean oil may be split, inter-esterified, sulfurized, epoxidized, polymerized, ethoxylated, or cleaved. Designing and producing soybean oil derivatives with improved functionality and improved oliochemistry is a rapidly growing field. The typical mixture of triglycerides is usually split and separated into pure fatty acids, which are then combined with petroleum-derived alcohols or acids, nitrogen, sulfonates, chlorine, or with fatty alcohols derived from fats and oils to produce the desired type of oil or fat. Commodity plant products also include industrial compounds, such as a wide variety of resins used in the formulation of adhesives, films, plastics, paints, coatings and foams.

In some cases, commodity plant products derived from the plants, or using the methods of the present invention can be identified readily. In some cases, for example, the presence of viable endophytic microbes can be detected using the methods described herein elsewhere. In other cases, particularly where there are no viable endophytic microbes, the commodity plant product may still contain at least a detectable amount of the specific and unique DNA corresponding to the microbes described herein. Any standard method of detection for polynucleotide molecules may be used, including methods of detection disclosed herein.

Throughout the specification, the word “comprise,” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

Methods of Using Endophytes and Synthetic Compositions Comprising Endophytes

As described herein, purified endophyte populations and compositions comprising the same (e.g., formulations) can be used to confer beneficial traits to the host plant including, for example, one or more of the following: altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant. For example, in some embodiments, a purified endophyte population can improve two or more such beneficial traits, e.g., water use efficiency and increased tolerance to drought. Such traits can be heritable by progeny of the agricultural plant to which endophyte was applied or by progeny of the agricultural plant that was grown from the seed associated with endophyte.

In one aspect of the invention, the endophytes impart to the host plant an improved ability to cope with water-limited conditions.

In some cases, the endophyte may produce one or more compounds and/or have one or more activities, e.g., one or more of the following: production of a metabolite, production of a phytohormone such as auxin, production of acetoin, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a pectinase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, nitrogen fixation, or mineral phosphate solubilization. For example, an endophyte can produce a phytohormone selected from the group consisting of an auxin, a cytokinin, a gibberellin, ethylene, a brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid. In one particular embodiment, the endophyte produces auxin (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)). Production of auxin can be assayed as described herein. Many of the microbes described herein are capable of producing the plant hormone auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when grown in culture. Auxin plays a key role in altering the physiology of the plant, including the extent of root growth. Therefore, in another embodiment, the endofungal endophytic population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to detectably increase production of auxin in the agricultural plant when compared with a reference agricultural plant. In one embodiment, the increased auxin production can be detected in a tissue type selected from the group consisting of the root, shoot, leaves, and flowers.

In some embodiments, the endophyte can produce a compound with antimicrobial properties. For example, the compound can have antibacterial properties, as determined by the growth assays provided herein. In one embodiment, the compound with antibacterial properties shows bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity against E. coli and/or Bacillus sp. In another embodiment, the endophyte produces a compound with antifungal properties, for example, fungicidal or fungistatic activity against S. cerevisiae and/or Rhizoctonia.

In some embodiments, the endophyte is a fungus capable of nitrogen fixation, and is thus capable of producing ammonium from atmospheric nitrogen. The ability of a fungus to fix nitrogen can be confirmed by testing for growth of the fungus in nitrogen-free growth media, for example, LGI media, as described herein.

In some embodiments, the endophyte can produce a compound that increases the solubility of mineral phosphate in the medium, i.e., mineral phosphate solubilization, for example, using the growth assays described herein. In one embodiment, the endophyte produces a compound that allows the bacterium to grow in growth media comprising Ca₃HPO₄ as the sole phosphate source.

In some embodiments, the endophyte can produce a siderophore. Siderophores are small high-affinity iron chelating agents secreted by microorganisms that increase the bioavailability of iron. Siderophore production by the endophyte can be detected, for example, using the methods described herein, as well as elsewhere (Perez-Miranda et al., 2007, J Microbiol Methods. 70:127-31, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

In some embodiments, the endophyte can produce a hydrolytic enzyme. For example, in one embodiment, an endophyte can produce a hydrolytic enzyme selected from the group consisting of a cellulase, a pectinase, a chitinase and a xylanase. Hydrolytic enzymes can be detected using the methods described herein (see also, cellulase: Quadt-Hallmann et al., (1997) Can. J. Microbiol., 43: 577-582; pectinase: Soares et al. (1999). Revista de Microbiolgia 30(4): 299-303; chitinase: Li et al., (2004) Mycologia 96: 526-536; and xylanase: Suto et al., (2002) J Biosci Bioeng. 93:88-90, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety).

In some embodiment, synthetic combinations comprise synergistic endofungal endophytic populations. As used herein, the term “synergistic endophytic populations” refers to two or more endophyte populations that produce one or more effects (e.g., two or more or three or more effects) that are greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, in some embodiments, a purified endophyte population contains two or more different endophytes that are capable of synergistically increasing at least one of e.g., production of a phytohormone such as auxin, production of acetoin, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a pectinase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, nitrogen fixation, or mineral phosphate solubilization in an agricultural plant. Synergistically increasing one or more of such properties can increase a beneficial trait in an agricultural plant, such as an increase in drought tolerance.

In some embodiments, a purified endofungal population comprising one or more endophytes can increase one or more properties such as production of a phytohormone such as auxin, production of acetoin, production of an antimicrobial compound, production of a siderophore, production of a cellulase, production of a pectinase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or mineral phosphate solubilization in an agricultural plant, without increasing nitrogen fixation in the agricultural plant.

In some embodiments, metabolites in plants can be modulated by making synthetic combinations of purified endophytic populations. For example, an endophyte described herein can cause a detectable modulation (e.g., an increase or decrease) in the level of various metabolites, e.g., indole-3-carboxylic acid, trans-zeatin, abscisic acid, phaseic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, indole-3-acrylic acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonic acid methyl ester, dihydrophaseic acid, gibberellin A3, salicylic acid, upon colonization of a plant.

In some embodiments, the endophyte modulates the level of the metabolite directly (e.g., the microbe itself produces the metabolite, resulting in an overall increase in the level of the metabolite found in the plant). In other cases, the agricultural plant, as a result of the association with the endophytic microbe (e.g., an endophyte), exhibits a modulated level of the metabolite (e.g., the plant reduces the expression of a biosynthetic enzyme responsible for production of the metabolite as a result of the microbe inoculation). In still other cases, the modulation in the level of the metabolite is a consequence of the activity of both the microbe and the plant (e.g., the plant produces increased amounts of the metabolite when compared with a reference agricultural plant, and the endophytic microbe also produces the metabolite). Therefore, as used herein, a modulation in the level of a metabolite can be an alteration in the metabolite level through the actions of the microbe and/or the inoculated plant.

The levels of a metabolite can be measured in an agricultural plant, and compared with the levels of the metabolite in a reference agricultural plant, and grown under the same conditions as the inoculated plant. The uninoculated plant that is used as a reference agricultural plant is a plant that has not been applied with a formulation with the endophytic microbe (e.g., a formulation comprising a population of purified endophytes). The uninoculated plant used as the reference agricultural plant is generally the same species and cultivar as, and is isogenic to, the inoculated plant.

The metabolite whose levels are modulated (e.g., increased or decreased) in the endophyte-associated plant may serve as a primary nutrient (i.e., it provides nutrition for the humans and/or animals who consume the plant, plant tissue, or the commodity plant product derived therefrom, including, but not limited to, a sugar, a starch, a carbohydrate, a protein, an oil, a fatty acid, or a vitamin). The metabolite can be a compound that is important for plant growth, development or homeostasis (for example, a phytohormone such as an auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, a brassinosteroid, ethylene, or abscisic acid, a signaling molecule, or an antioxidant). In other embodiments, the metabolite can have other functions. For example, in one embodiment, a metabolite can have bacteriostatic, bactericidal, fungistatic, fungicidal or antiviral properties. In other embodiments, the metabolite can have insect-repelling, insecticidal, nematode-repelling, or nematicidal properties. In still other embodiments, the metabolite can serve a role in protecting the plant from stresses, may help improve plant vigor or the general health of the plant. In yet another embodiment, the metabolite can be a useful compound for industrial production. For example, the metabolite may itself be a useful compound that is extracted for industrial use, or serve as an intermediate for the synthesis of other compounds used in industry. In a particular embodiment, the level of the metabolite is increased within the agricultural plant or a portion thereof such that it is present at a concentration of at least 0.1 ug/g dry weight, for example, at least 0.3 ug/g dry weight, 1.0 ug/g dry weight, 3.0 ug/g dry weight, 10 ug/g dry weight, 30 ug/g dry weight, 100 ug/g dry weight, 300 ug/g dry weight, 1 mg/g dry weight, 3 mg/g dry weight, 10 mg/g dry weight, 30 mg/g dry weight, 100 mg/g dry weight or more, of the plant or portion thereof.

Likewise, the modulation can be a decrease in the level of a metabolite. The reduction can be in a metabolite affecting the taste of a plant or a commodity plant product derived from a plant (for example, a bitter tasting compound), or in a metabolite which makes a plant or the resulting commodity plant product otherwise less valuable (for example, reduction of oxalate content in certain plants, or compounds which are deleterious to human and/or animal health). The metabolite whose level is to be reduced can be a compound that affects quality of a commodity plant product (e.g., reduction of lignin levels).

In some embodiments, the endophyte is capable of generating a complex network in the plant or surrounding environment of the plant, which network is capable of causing a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite in the host plant.

In a particular embodiment, the metabolite can serve as a signaling or regulatory molecule. The signaling pathway can be associated with a response to a stress, for example, one of the stress conditions selected from the group consisting of drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, complex pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress.

The inoculated agricultural plant is grown under conditions such that the level of one or more metabolites is modulated in the plant, wherein the modulation is indicative of increased resistance to a stress selected from the group consisting of drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, complex pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress. The increased resistance can be measured at about 10 minutes after applying the stress, for example about 20 minutes, 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 16 hours, about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 36 hours, about 48 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 120 hours, or about a week after applying the stress.

The metabolites or other compounds described herein can be detected using any suitable method including, but not limited to gel electrophoresis, liquid and gas phase chromatography, either alone or coupled to mass spectrometry (See, for example, the Examples sections below), NMR (See e.g., U.S. patent publication 20070055456, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), immunoassays (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA)), chemical assays, spectroscopy and the like. In some embodiments, commercial systems for chromatography and NMR analysis are utilized.

In other embodiments, metabolites or other compounds are detected using optical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CAT scans, ultra sound, MS-based tissue imaging or X-ray detection methods (e.g., energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence detection).

Any suitable method may be used to analyze the biological sample (e.g., seed or plant tissue) in order to determine the presence, absence or level(s) of the one or more metabolites or other compounds in the sample. Suitable methods include chromatography (e.g., HPLC, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography), mass spectrometry (e.g., MS, MS-MS), LC-MS, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibody linkage, other immunochemical techniques, biochemical or enzymatic reactions or assays, and combinations thereof. The levels of one or more of the recited metabolites or compounds may be determined in the methods of the present invention. For example, the level(s) of one metabolites or compounds, two or more metabolites, three or more metabolites, four or more metabolites, five or more metabolites, six or more metabolites, seven or more metabolites, eight or more metabolites, nine or more metabolites, ten or more metabolites, or compounds etc., including a combination of some or all of the metabolites or compounds including, but not limited to those disclosed herein may be determined and used in such methods.

As shown in the Examples and otherwise herein, endophyte-inoculated plants display altered oil content, altered protein content, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, and altered seed protein composition, chemical tolerance, cold tolerance, delayed senescence, disease resistance, drought tolerance, ear weight, growth improvement, health enhancement, heat tolerance, herbicide tolerance, herbivore resistance, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nitrogen utilization, improved root architecture, improved water use efficiency, increased biomass, increased root length, increased seed weight, increased shoot length, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, kernel mass, kernel moisture content, metal tolerance, number of ears, number of kernels per ear, number of pods, nutrition enhancement, pathogen resistance, pest resistance, photosynthetic capability improvement, salinity tolerance, stay-green, vigor improvement, increased dry weight of mature seeds, increased fresh weight of mature seeds, increased number of mature seeds per plant, increased chlorophyll content, increased number of pods per plant, increased length of pods per plant, reduced number of wilted leaves per plant, reduced number of severely wilted leaves per plant, and increased number of non-wilted leaves per plant, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, a detectable modulation in the level of a transcript, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant, or a combination thereof. Therefore, in one embodiment, the endofungal endophytic population is disposed on the surface or on or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the biomass of the plant, or a part or tissue of the plant grown from the seed or seedling. The increased biomass is useful in the production of commodity products derived from the plant. Such commodity products include an animal feed, a fish fodder, a cereal product, a processed human-food product, a sugar or an alcohol. Such products may be a fermentation product or a fermentable product, one such exemplary product is a biofuel. The increase in biomass can occur in a part of the plant (e.g., the root tissue, shoots, leaves, etc.), or can be an increase in overall biomass when compared with a reference agricultural plant. Such increase in overall biomass can be under relatively stress-free conditions. In other cases, the increase in biomass can be in plants grown under any number of abiotic or biotic stresses, including drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, complex pathogen stress, and viral pathogen stress.

In another embodiment, the endofungal endophytic population is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the rate of seed germination when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

In other cases, the endofungal microbe is disposed on the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the average biomass of the fruit or cob from the resulting plant when compared with a reference agricultural plant.

Plants inoculated with an endofungal endophytic population may also show an increase in overall plant height. Therefore, in one embodiment, the present invention provides for a seed comprising an endofungal endophytic population that is disposed on the surface or within a tissue of the seed or seedling in an amount effective to increase the height of the plant. For example, the endofungal endophytic population is disposed in an amount effective to result in an increase in height of the agricultural plant when compared with a reference agricultural plant. Such an increase in height can be under relatively stress-free conditions. In other cases, the increase in height can be in plants grown under any number of abiotic or biotic stresses, including drought stress, salt stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress, nematode stress, insect herbivory stress, fungal pathogen stress, complex pathogen stress, or viral pathogen stress.

The host plants inoculated with the endofungal endophytic population may also show dramatic improvements in their ability to utilize water more efficiently. Water use efficiency is a parameter often correlated with drought tolerance. Water use efficiency (WUE) is a parameter often correlated with drought tolerance, and is the CO₂ assimilation rate per amount of water transpired by the plant. An increase in biomass at low water availability may be due to relatively improved efficiency of growth or reduced water consumption. In selecting traits for improving crops, a decrease in water use, without a change in growth would have particular merit in an irrigated agricultural system where the water input costs were high. An increase in growth without a corresponding jump in water use would have applicability to all agricultural systems. In many agricultural systems where water supply is not limiting, an increase in growth, even if it came at the expense of an increase in water use also increases yield.

When soil water is depleted or if water is not available during periods of drought, crop yields are restricted. Plant water deficit develops if transpiration from leaves exceeds the supply of water from the roots. The available water supply is related to the amount of water held in the soil and the ability of the plant to reach that water with its root system. Transpiration of water from leaves is linked to the fixation of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis through the stomata. The two processes are positively correlated so that high carbon dioxide influx through photosynthesis is closely linked to water loss by transpiration. As water transpires from the leaf, leaf water potential is reduced and the stomata tend to close in a hydraulic process limiting the amount of photosynthesis. Since crop yield is dependent on the fixation of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, water uptake and transpiration are contributing factors to crop yield. Plants which are able to use less water to fix the same amount of carbon dioxide or which are able to function normally at a low water potential, are more efficient and thereby are able to produce more biomass and economic yield in many agricultural systems. An increased water use efficiency of the plant relates in some cases to an increased fruit/kernel size or number.

Therefore, in one embodiment, the plants described herein exhibit an increased water use efficiency (WUE) when compared with a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions. Such an increase in WUE can occur under conditions without water deficit, or under conditions of water deficit, for example, when the soil water content is less than or equal to 60% of water saturated soil, for example, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 20%, less than or equal to 10% of water saturated soil on a weight basis. In some embodiments, the plants inoculated with the endofungal endophytic population show increased yield under non-irrigated conditions, as compared to reference agricultural plants grown under the same conditions.

In a related embodiment, the plant comprising endophyte can have a higher relative water content (RWC), than a reference agricultural plant grown under the same conditions.

Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to examples below, it is understood that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, while the particular examples below may illustrate the methods and embodiments described herein using a specific plant, the principles in these examples may be applied to any agricultural crop. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is encompassed by the embodiments of the inventions recited herein and the specification rather than the specific examples that are exemplified below. All cited patents and publications referred to in this application are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Cultivation-Independent Analysis of Microbial Taxa in Agriculturally Relevant Seed Communities Based on Marker Gene High-Throughput Sequencing Example Description

Microbial taxa found in agriculturally relevant communities were identified using high-throughput marker gene sequencing across several crops and numerous varieties of seeds.

Experimental Description

We employed high-throughput sequencing of marker genes for bacteria, archaea, and fungi on seeds of 50 commercial, 22 wild, and 33 landrace cultivars of corn; 40 commercial, 13 wild, and 23 landrace cultivars of wheat; 13 cotton seeds; and 24 soybean seeds. Non-commercial varieties were obtained from USDA GRIN through their National Plant Germplasm system (http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/). Accessions were categorized into landrace, wild, and inbred varieties based on the assessment of improvement status. In order to extract microbial DNA, the seeds were first soaked in sterile, DNA-free water for 48 h to soften them, and they were surface sterilized using 95% ethanol to reduce superficial contaminant microbes. The seeds were then ground using a mortar and pestle treated with 95% ethanol and RNAse Away (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, N.Y.) to remove contaminant DNA. DNA was extracted from the ground seeds using the PowerPlant Pro DNA extraction kit (Mo Bio Laboratories, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Marker genes were amplified and sequenced from the extracted DNA using a high-throughput protocol similar to (Fierer et al. 2012, McGuire et al. 2013). For the bacterial and archaeal analyses, the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was targeted (primers 515f/806r), and for fungi, the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region of the rRNA operon (primers ITS1f/ITS2r) was targeted. The two marker genes were PCR amplified separately using 35 cycles, and error-correcting 12-bp barcoded primers specific to each sample were used to faciliate combining of samples. To reduce the amplification of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, we used PNA clamps specific to the rRNA genes in these organelles (Lundberg et al. 2013). PCR reactions to amplify 16S rRNA genes followed the protocol of (Lundberg et al. 2013), and those to amplify ITS regions followed the protocol of (Fierer et al. 2012). PCR products were quantified using the PicoGreen assay (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, N.Y.), pooled in equimolar concentrations, and cleaned using the UltraClean kit (Mo Bio Laboratories, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.). Cleaned DNA pools were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq instrument at the University of Colorado Next Generation Sequencing Facility.

Old OTU Assignment

The raw sequence data were reassigned to distinct samples using a custom Python script, and quality filtering and OTU (operational taxonomic unit) clustering was conducted using the UPARSE pipeline (Edgar 2013). Briefly, a de novo sequence database with representative sequences for each OTU was created using a 97% similarity threshold, and raw reads were mapped to this database to calculate sequence counts per OTU per sample. Prior to creating the database, sequences were quality filtered using an expected error frequency threshold of 0.5 errors per sequence. In addition, sequences were dereplicated and singletons were removed prior to creating the database. OTUs were provided taxonomic classifications using the RDP classifier (Wang et al. 2007) trained with the Greengenes (McDonald et al. 2012) or UNITE (Abarenkov et al. 2010) databases for 16S rRNA and ITS sequences, respectively. To account for differences in the number of sequences per sample, each sample was rarefied to 1,000 and 6,500 sequences per sample for 16S rRNA and ITS datasets. This resulted in samples with fewer sequences than the rarefaction depth to be discarded from downstream analyses. OTUs classified as chloroplasts or mitochondria were discarded prior to rarefaction.

New OTU Assignment

For both 16S rRNA and ITS1 sequences, we used barcoded primers unique to each sample to combine multiple samples in an Illumina MiSeq run. The resulting reads were separated back into their respective samples based on the barcodes using a custom Python script. We performed quality filtering following the UPARSE pipeline (Edgar, 2013), including merging paired end reads, setting a maximum expected error rate of <=1 error per merged sequence, and removing singletons (reads occurring only one across all samples in a run).

The original de novo OTU (operational taxonomic units) clustering was performed at 97% sequence similarity, again following the UPARSE pipeline. Subsequent New OTU (new OTU) clustering (Rideout et al, 2014) was performed using a cascading approach, comparing the sequences against the Greengenes (McDonald et al, 2012) and UNITE (Abardenkov et al, 2010) databases, which are provided with full-length clustering at various widths. Bacterial sequences were first compared to the Greengenes 99% OTU representative sequences. Sequences without a 99% match to the 99% OTUs were then compared to the Greengenes 97% OTUs at 97%. Fungal sequences were first compared to the UNITE Dynamic OTU representative sequences, where dynamic represents values between 97% and 99% depending on the OTU. Sequences that did not match the UNITE Dynamic OTUs at the appropriate clustering level, were compared to the UNITE 97% OTUs at 97%. The remaining sequences that did not match either Greengenes or UNITE, and were present at a level of at least 10 reads across the samples, were clustered using the de novo method above (independently for the bacterial and fungal sequences). The original sequences were mapped to the New OTUs using the same cascading approach, and any sequences that did not match an OTU, but did match a sequence with fewer than 10 copies were designated with the read ID representing that unique sequence.

The original de novo OTUs were provided taxonomic classifications using the RDP classifier (Wang et al. 2007) trained with the Greengenes (McDonald et al. 2012) and UNITE (Abarenkov et al. 2010) databases for 16S rRNA and ITS sequences, respectively. To account for differences in the variable number of sequences per sample, each sample was rarefied to 1000 16S rRNA and 1000 ITS sequences per sample. OTUs classified as chloroplasts or mitochondria were discarded prior to rarefaction.

Overall differences in bacterial community composition between the control and inoculated plants were evaluated using non-metric multidimensional scaling based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities in order to visualize pairwise differences between sample communities. Permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was used to statistically test the significance of these differences. Analyses were conducted using the vegan package in R (R Core Team 2013). To determine the OTUs contributing to overall differences among crop types, mean relative abundances were calculated for each OTU within each crop type. Only OTUs with a mean relative abundance of 0.1% in either group were included in this analysis. The tables demonstrating presence absence were constructed using the New OTUs, assessing the presence of each OTU in any of the sample replicates, and reporting only the OTUs matching the relevant sequences.

Example Results: Core Taxa

OTUs were determined to be core taxa based on detection across a variety of seed types. For example, taxa core across crops were those present in seeds from ≧2 crops. Similarly, taxa core to an individual crop were those present in seeds from ≧2 cultivar categories (i.e. wild, landrace, inbred, or modern) within that crop. In an effort to conservatively select extant core taxa, OTUs where at least class level taxonomy could be resolved were discarded. Representative strains from our strain collection for each OTU were determined when possible using 16S rRNA gene clustering at the 97% similarity threshold in USEARCH (Edgar 2010).

Across seeds from all crops (corn, wheat, cotton, and soybean), 2,697 bacterial and 415 fungal OTUs were detected and evaluated following our stringent sequence quality filtering approach. Fungal sequences were not detectable in soybean samples, and thus, analyses across fungal taxa were conducted within the 3 remaining crops.

Within cotton, 176 bacterial and 68 fungal OTUs were found (Table 1B). Among these, 50 taxa, consisting of 25 bacterial and 25 fungal OTUs, were found only in cotton seeds, and not in seeds of corn, wheat, or soybean (Table 1A).

Within corn, 2351 OTUs were found, including 2169 bacterial OTUs and 182 fungal OTUs (Table 2C). Among these, 1964 OTUs, including 1853 bacterial OTUs and 111 fungal OTUs, were found only in corn, and not in seeds of wheat, soybean, or cotton seeds tested (Table 2A). OTUs that were found to co-occur within corn seeds with a correlation of more than 0.5 are found in Table 2B.

Within soybeans, 1097 bacterial OTUs were found (Table 3C). Among these, 367 bacterial taxa were found only in soybean, and not in seeds of corn, wheat, or cotton seeds tested (Table 3A). OTUs that were found to co-occur within soy seeds with a correlation of more than 0.5 are found in Table 3B.

Within wheat, 557 OTUs were found, including 354 bacterial OTUs and 203 fungal OTUs (Table 4C). Among these, 226 OTUs, including 85 bacterial OTUs and 149 fungal OTUs, were found only in wheat, and not in seeds of corn, soybean, or cotton seeds tested (Table 4A). OTUs that were found to co-occur within wheat seeds with a correlation of more than 0.5 are found in Table 4B.

Example Results: Ancestral Vs. Modern Taxa

Overall bacterial and fungal community compositions were compared between ancestral and modern seeds by first visualizing differences using non-metric multidimensional scaling based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. Statistical significance of differences was tested using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) with the vegan package in R (R Core Team 2013 R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria ISBN: 3-900051-07-0. Available online at http://www.R-project.org/). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was also calculated with the vegan package in R. OTUs having greater associations with ancestral seed types compared to modern seeds were identified using comparisons of the relative abundances of OTUs. Specifically, sequence counts per OTU were converted to relative abundances and median relative abundances were calculated for each seed type. We assessed differences between ancestral and modern seeds when median relative abundances were ≧0.1%. OTUs without taxonomy resolved to at least class level were removed from analysis. Representative strains from the current strain collection were found fNew OTUs when possible using 16S rRNA sequence clustering at the 97% threshold in USEARCH v7.0 [Edgar (2010) Nature methods 10:996-8, incorporated herein by reference].

Bacterial community composition significantly differed between wild and modern seeds for both corn (P<0.001; FIG. 1A) and wheat (P<0.001; FIG. 1B). This was also the case when landrace and modern seeds were compared (P<0.05).

Among corn seeds, 14 bacterial OTUs were overrepresented in wild compared to modern seed varieties. These taxa included several members of the Enterobacteriaceae family as well as Paenibacillaceae, Planococcaceae, and Oxalobacteraceae (Table 16). Similarly, six OTUs were overrepresented in landrace compared to modern corn seeds. These also included several Enterobacteriaceae as well as one Xanthomonadaceae (Table 17). All these differences in composition were translated into differences in diversity, with modern corn being significantly more diverse than Teosinte and the Landrace (FIG. 3).

Among wheat seeds, 5 bacterial OTUs were overrepresented in wild compared to modern seed varieties (Table 18). 3 OTUs were overrepresented in landrace compared to modern wheat seeds. There taxa were members of the Enterobacteriaceae (OTU_(—)3078, OTU_(—)2, and OTU_(—)2912). (Table 19). The diversity of the bacterial community was higher in modern wheat than in the Landrace (FIG. 4).

Seed fungal communities were also diverse, although less so than bacterial communities (FIGS. 5 and 6). The pattern of diversity was opposite to that observed among the bacterial communities, with the modern varieties containing the least diverse fungal communities. Over 500 unique OTUs were observed across all samples. Fungal community composition significantly differed between wild and modern seeds from wheat P<0.001; Fig. XB). This was also the case for landrace and modern seeds from wheat. Differences between wild and modern seeds were not significantly different for corn (P>0.01; Fig. XA), but this was likely due to insufficient replication.

Among corn seeds, 1 fungal OTU was overrepresented in wild compared to modern seed varieties. This OTU was classified as an Acremonium species (Table 20). 2 fungal OTUs were overrepresented in landrace compared to modern seed varieties. Both OTUs were members of the Sordariomycetes and one was the same Acremonium species as that overrepresented in wild compared to modern seeds (Table 21).

Among wheat seeds, 7 fungal OTUs were overrepresented in wild compared to modern seed varieties. These OTUs were all members of the Dothideomycetes and included 3 taxa identified as Cladosporium (Table 22). Two of these OTUs were also overrepresented in landrace compared to modern seed varieties (Table 23).

FIGS. 3 and 4 show the Shannon Diversity indices of bacterial communities found in Wild, Landrace, and modern cultivars of corn and wheat, respectively. FIGS. 5 and 6 show the Shannon Diversity indices of fungal communities found in Teosinte, Landrace, Inbred, and modern cultivars of corn and wheat, respectively. Modern corn and wheat each had a lower diversity of fungal communities.

In conclusion, we have identified a number of bacterial and fungal microbes present in ancestral and landrace cultivars of wheat and corn that are underrepresented in modern cultivars. Our analysis elucidated several bacterial and fungal OTUs that were overrepresented in ancestral seeds compared to modern seeds.

Example 2 Identification of Root Endophytes Belonging to OTUs Identified in Seeds

In the above examples, microbial taxa core to agriculturally relevant seeds were identified. In this example, seeds from several crops and numerous varieties were grown in the greenhouse or the field, and community sequencing was performed on root samples to identify taxa corresponding to core seed taxa.

Experimental Description

The crops used in this experiment were designated: Modern Maize 1, Modern Maize 2, Landrace Maize, Wild Maize, Modern Wheat 1, Modern Wheat 2, Landrace Wheat, Wild Wheat, Modern Soy 1, Modern Soy 2, Wild Soy 1, Wild Soy 2, Modern Cotton 1, Modern Cotton 2, Landrace Cotton, and Wild Cotton.

The purpose of this work was to use Illumina sequencing to define the bacterial and fungal endophyte populations residing in the roots of wild, landrace, and modern varieties of maize, wheat, soybean, and cotton when grown in two different greenhouses (designated as “Massachusetts” or “Texas”) or in three geographically different field locations (Minnesota and Idaho). As a negative control to promote enrichment for seed transmitted endophytes, plants were grown in autoclaved (sterile) sand under controlled conditions in the Massachusetts greenhouse. To see if seed transmitted endophytes might persist in roots grown in soil, all the above listed genotypes of plant were grown in the Massachusetts greenhouse planted with commercial nursery soil from Massachusetts. To see if some of these modern varieties would maintain seed transmitted endophytes in roots when grown in a different greenhouse, Modern Cotton 1 and 2, Modern Soy 1 and 2, Modern Maize 1 and 2, and Modern Wheat 1 and 2 were planted in clean containers filled with wheat field soil from Texas, in a greenhouse in Texas. To see if some of these modern varieties would maintain seed transmitted endophytes in roots when grown in geographically different field locations, Modern Cotton 1 and 2, Modern Soy 1 and 2, Modern Maize 1 and 2, and Modern Wheat 1 and 2 were planted in wheat fields in Minnesota and Idaho.

New, plastic containers were filled with heat sterilized quartz sand prior to each seed being per accession being planted. For soil treatments in Massachusetts, heat sterilized quartz sand was mixed with soil in a ratio of 3:1. For soil treatments in Texas, containers were filled with unmixed wheat field soil. To pre-germinate seedlings in Massachusetts, unsterilized seeds of each accession were placed on sterile sand or pure soil in a Petri dish, then watered with sterile water. One seedling of each seedling of each accession was planted in each of 4 sterile sand filled containers, 4 sand:soil filled containers or 4 soil filled containers. In the Texas greenhouse, seeds were placed directly into the soil in cups, without pre-germination. Likewise at the Minnesota and Idaho field locations, seeds were placed into the ground without pregermination. Greenhouse grown seedlings were watered with 25 mL of sterile water every two days, while field grown plants were only watered once with tap water right after planting. Plants were grown for 21 days in Massachusetts and then harvested, while in Texas, Minnesota and Idaho they were grown for 14 days then harvested.

Harvesting involved shaking plants free of as much soil/debris as possible, cutting plants into shoot and root, placing them into 15 mL conical tubes along with 10 mL of distilled water, shaken vigourously, then decanting off the dirty water. This washing step was repeated with sterile water until wash water was no longer cloudy (the last rinse coming off of every root was clear). The washed root material in 15 mL conical tube then had added to it two sterile carbide beads and 5 mL of sterile water before homogenizing in the Fastprep24 machine for 1 minute at 6M vibrations per second.

DNA was extracted from this material using a PowerPlant® Pro-htp 96 DNA extraction kit (Mo Bio Laboratories, Inc., Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Microbial composition was assessed in each sample using the methods described in Example 1.

The original de novo OTU (operational taxonomic units) clustering was performed at 97% sequence similarity, again following the UPARSE pipeline. Subsequent “New OTU” clustering (Rideout et al, 2014) was performed using a cascading approach, comparing the sequences against the Greengenes (McDonald et al, 2012) and UNITE (Abardenkov et al, 2010) databases, which are provided with full-length clustering at various widths. Bacterial sequences were first compared to the Greengenes 99% OTU representative sequences. Sequences without a 99% match to the 99% OTUs were then compared to the Greengenes 97% OTUs at 97%. Fungal sequences were first compared to the UNITE Dynamic OTU representative sequences, where dynamic represents values between 97% and 99% depending on the OTU. Sequences that did not match the UNITE Dynamic OTUs at the appropriate clustering level, were compared to the UNITE 97% OTUs at 97%. The remaining sequences that did not match either Greengenes or UNITE, and were present at a level of at least 10 reads across the samples, were clustered using the de novo method above (independently for the bacterial and fungal sequences). The original sequences were mapped to the New OTUs using the same cascading approach, and any sequences that did not match an OTU, but did match a sequence with fewer than 10 copies were designated with the read ID representing that unique sequence.

The original de novo OTUs were provided taxonomic classifications using the RDP classifier (Wang et al. 2007) trained with the Greengenes (McDonald et al. 2012) and UNITE (Abarenkov et al. 2010) databases for 16S rRNA and ITS sequences, respectively. To account for differences in the variable number of sequences per sample, each sample was rarefied to 1000 16S rRNA and 1000 ITS sequences per sample. OTUs classified as chloroplasts or mitochondria were discarded prior to rarefaction.

Overall differences in bacterial community composition between the control and inoculated plants were evaluated using non-metric multidimensional scaling based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities in order to visualize pairwise differences between sample communities. Permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was used to statistically test the significance of these differences. Analyses were conducted using the vegan package in R (R Core Team 2013). To determine the OTUs contributing to overall differences among crop types, mean relative abundances were calculated for each OTU within each crop type. Only OTUs with a mean relative abundance of 0.1% in either group were included in this analysis. The tables demonstrating presence absence were constructed using the new OTUs, assessing the presence of each OTU in any of the sample replicates, and reporting only the OTUs matching the relevant sequences.

Example Results

Experiments previously detected 2,697 bacterial and 415 fungal OTUs in seeds of corn, wheat, cotton, and soybean. Bacterial taxa represented 218 families and 334 genera. Fungal taxa represented 48 families and 87 genera highlighting the broad diversity of endophytic microbes within seeds. Searching for these same OTUs in washed roots of corn, wheat, cotton, and soybeans grown in either Massachusetts or Texas greenhouse and Idaho or Minnesota field, 624 (23%) of the bacterial and 48 (12%) of the fungal OTUs were observed in seeds. Searching for these only in roots of plants grown in the Massachusetts greenhouse (Tables 25, 26), 176 (7%) of these bacterial and 33 (8%) of these fungal OTUs were detected. In roots of plants grown in the Texas greenhouse (Tables 27, 28), 395 (15%) of these bacterial and 21 (5%) of these fungal OTUs were detected. In roots of plants grown in the Idaho field (Tables 29, 30), 364 (13%) of these bacterial and 14 (3%) of these fungal OTUs were detected. In roots of plants grown in the Minnesota field (Tables 31, 32), 335 (12%) of these bacterial and 13 (3%) of these fungal OTUs were detected.

Among all the previously detected seed OTUs, 68 bacterial OTUs and 27 fungal OTUs were found to be core taxa across crops (Tables 13, 14). Searching for these core OTUs in roots of plants grown in the Massachusetts greenhouse (Tables 25, 26), 27 (40%) of the bacterial and 6 (22%) of the fungal OTUs were detected. In roots of plants grown in the Texas greenhouse (Tables 27, 28), 38 (56%) of these core bacterial and 5 (19%) of these core fungal OTUs were detected. In roots of plants grown in the Idaho field (Tables 29, 30), 24 (35%) of these core bacterial and 5 (19%) of these core fungal OTUs were detected. In roots of plants grown in the Minnesota field (Tables 31, 32), 36 (53%) of these core bacterial and 6 (22%) of these core fungal OTUs were detected. Searching for core seed OTUs that occurred in at least one root sample of the greenhouses and fields, 49 (72%) of bacterial and 7 (26%) of fungal OTUs were detected. Among these, the most common bacterial seed OTUs also observed in roots were B0.9|GG99|128181 (observed in 100% of all samples), B0.9|GG99|73880 (observed in 96% of all samples) B0.9|GG99|25580 (observed in 90% of all samples) and B0.9|GG99|132333 (observed in 84% of all samples). Among fungal OTUs from seeds, the most commonly observed in roots were F0.9|UDYN|206476 (observed in 76% of all samples), F0.9|UDYN|212600 (observed in 46% of all samples) F0.9|UDYN|216250 (observed in 42% of all samples) and F0.9|UDYN|215392 (observed in 42% of all samples). The fungal SYM Strains 15926, 15928, 00120, 00880, 01325, 01326, 01328, and 15811 all have greater than 97% identity to OTU F0.9|UDYN|206476 and were assayed on seedlings. The fungal SYM Strains 00741b, 01315, 01327, and 15890 all have greater than 97% identity to OTU F0.9|UDYN|212600 and were assayed on seedlings. The fungal SYM Strains 00154, 15825, 15828, 15837, 15839, 15870, 15872, 15901, 15920, 15932, and 15939 all have greater than 97% identity to F0.9|UDYN|215392 and were assayed on seedlings. The core seed and root bacteria observed in these experiments belong to the Phyla Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes, while the fungal belong to the Phyla Ascomycota and to the of the Classes Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes, which means these groups poses the capacity to be seed transmitted and to colonize different life stages of a plant (both seeds and roots), as well as having a broad host range and flexibility allowing them to exist within different species of plant.

29 seed bacterial OTUs were observed in roots of plants grown on sterile sand, while 43 seed bacterial OTUs were observed in roots of plants grown in soil; 23 of the same seed OTUs were observed in both conditions (Tables 25, 26). This pattern means that the soil condition enhances colonization of seed transmitted bacteria into the root. A contrasting trend was observed for fungi, where 28 seed bacterial OTUs were observed in roots of plants grown on sterile sand, while 19 seed bacterial OTUs were observed in roots of plants grown in soil; 15 of the same seed OTUs were observed in both conditions. Unlike bacteria, seed transmitted fungi attempting to colonize roots growing in non-sterile soil face greater competition for the root niche as soil transmitted fungi attempt to colonize the root.

Some seed endophytes are especially robust and able to colonize roots of plants growing in different field and greenhouse environments. By counting OTUs of microbes occurring in at least one plant variety in each field and the Texas greenhouse, 163 bacterial OTUs (out of a total of 583 bacterial seed OTUs detected in field grown roots) and 8 fungal OTUs (out of a total of 28 fungal seed OTUs detected in roots) were observed occurring in roots of these plants in all three environments; these sequences represent robust root colonizers which persist in roots despite different environmental conditions.

Root microbiomes in both environments shared 45% of their bacterial seed OTUs (216 OTUs) and 50% of their fungal seed OTUs (9 OTUs). As these plants were harvested when they were two weeks old, approximately half the diversity of seed transmitted microbiomes in maize, wheat and soy seeds are able to colonize and persist in seedlings under agronomically relevant conditions for at least two weeks.

Among all the previously detected seed OTUs found in corn seeds, 20 bacterial OTUs and 3 fungal OTUs were found to be present only seeds of wild and ancient landraces, but not modern varieties of corn. Searching for these in roots of ancestral maize varieties grown on sterile sand in the Massachusetts greenhouse, bacterial OTUs B0.9|GG99|813062, B0.9|GG99|9943, and B0.9|GG99|4327501 (but no fungal OTUs) were detected in wild maize, and bacterial OTU B0.9|GG99|9943 and fungal OTU F0.9|UDYN|210204 was detected in ancient landrace maize (Tables 25, 26). No ancestral seed bacterial OTU was observed in roots of wild or landrace maize plants grown on soil in the Massachusetts greenhouse, however fungal OTU F0.9|UDYN|210204 was observed in the roots of the ancient landrace maize growing on soil (Tables 25, 26).

Example 3 Isolation of Bacterial Endophytes from Ancestral Seeds

In order to better understand the role played by seed-derived endophytic microbes from ancestral species of plants in improving the vigor, general health and stress resilience of modern host plants, we initiated a systematic screen to isolate and characterize endophytic microbes from seeds of commercially significant grass plants.

Diverse types of wild relatives or ancestral landraces of maize, wheat, rice, and other seeds were acquired and screened for cultivatable microbes.

Pools of 5 seeds were soaked in 10 mL of sterile water contained in sterile 15 mL conical tubes for 24 hours. Some maize and rice accessions were sampled for seed surface microbes. In these cases, after 24 hours of soaking, 50 μL aliquots of undiluted, 100× dilute and 10000× dilute soaking water was plated onto R2A agar [Proteose peptone (0.5 g/L), Casamino acids (0.5 g/L), Yeast extract (0.5 g/L), Dextrose (0.5 g/L) Soluble starch (0.5 g/L), Dipotassium phosphate (0.3 g/L), Magnesium sulfate 7H₂O (0.05 g/L), Sodium pyruvate (0.3 g/L), Agar (15 g/L), Final pH 7±0.2 @ 25° C.] to culture oligotrophic bacteria, while the same volumes and dilutions were also plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) [Potato Infusion from 200 g/L, Dextrose 20 g/L, Agar 15 g/L, Final pH: 5.6±0.2 at 25° C.] to culture copiotrophic bacteria and fungi. All seeds in the study were sampled for endophytes by surface sterilization, trituration, and culturing of the mash. Seeds were surface sterilized by washing with 70% EtOH, rinsing with water, then washing with a 3% solution of sodium hypochlorite followed by 3 rinses in sterile water. All wash and rinse steps were 5 minutes with constant shaking at 130 rpm. Seeds were then blotted on R2A agar which was incubated at 30° C. for 7 days in order to confirm successful surface sterilization. Following the sterilization process, batches of seeds were ground with a sterile mortar and pestle in sterile R2A broth, while a select number of surface sterilized maize, rice and soy seeds were grown in sterile conditions and the roots or shoots of seedlings (without further sterilization) were crushed by bead beating in a Fastprep24 machine with 3 carbide beads, 1 mL of R2A in a 15 mL Falcon tube shaking at 6M/s for 60 seconds. Extracts of surface washes, crushed seed, or macerated seedling tissue were serially diluted by factors of 1 to 10⁻³ and spread onto quadrants on R2A and PDA agar in order to isolate cultivable seed-borne microorganisms. Plates were incubated at 28° C. for 7 days, monitoring for the appearance of colonies daily. After a week, plates were photographed and different morphotypes of colonies were identified and labeled. These were then selected for identification by sequencing, backing up as glycerol stock, and assaying for beneficial functions as described herein.

Plating and Scoring of Microbes

After 7 days of growth, most microbial colonies had grown large and distinct enough to allow differentiation based on colony size, shape, color and texture. Photographs of each plate were taken, and on the basis of color and morphotype, different colonies were identified by number for later reference. These strains were also streaked out onto either R2A or PDA to check for purity, and clean cultures were then scraped with a loop off the plate, resuspended in a mixture of R2A and glycerol, and frozen away in quadruplicate at −80° C. for later.

Sequence Analysis & Phylogenetic Assignment of Microbes Isolated from Ancestral Seeds

To accurately characterize the isolated microbial endophytes, colonies were submitted for marker gene sequencing, and the sequences were analyzed to provide taxonomic classifications. Colonies were subjected to 16S rRNA gene PCR amplification using the 27f/1492r primer set, and Sanger sequencing of paired ends was performed at Genewiz (South Plainfield, N.J.). Raw chromatograms were converted to sequences, and corresponding quality scores were assigned using TraceTuner v3.0.6beta (U.S. Pat. No. 6,681,186, incorporated herein by reference). These sequences were quality filtered using PRINSEQ v0.20.3 [Schmieder and Edwards (2011) Bioinformatics. 2011; 27:863-864, incorporated herein by reference] with left and right trim quality score thresholds of 30 and a quality window of 20 bp. Sequences without paired reads were discarded from further processing. Paired end quality filtered sequences were merged using USEARCH v7.0 [Edgar (2010) Nature methods 10:996-8]. Taxonomic classifications were assigned to the sequences using the RDP classifier [Wang et al., (2007) Applied and environmental microbiology 73:5261-7, incorporated herein by reference] trained on the Greengenes database [McDonald et al. (2012), ISME journal 6:610-8, incorporated herein by reference]. The resulting 253 microbes, derived from ancestral (wild or ancient landraces) representing over 41 distinct OTUs (using a 97% similarity threshold) are provided in Table 24.

Example 4 Characterization of Bacterial Endophytes Isolated from Ancestral Seeds

A total of 140 seed-origin bacterial endophytes were seeded onto 96 well plates and tested for various activities and/or production of compounds, as described below. The results of these in vitro assays are summarized in Table 31.

TABLE 31 (Summnary of in vitro characterization of bacterial endophytes isolated from ancestral seeds) Shows SEQ Antag- Cellu- Phosphate Growth on ACC Produces Sym ID onize Antagonize lolytic Secretes Solu- Nitrogen Deaminase Auxin/ Produces Strain ID Source NO: E. coli S. cerevisae activity siderophores bilization Free LGI Activity Indoles Acetoin SYM00033 Wild relative 3117 0 0 1 1 2 No 0 3 0 SYM00620 Wild relative 3159 0 1 1 0 1 No 0 2 2 SYM00176 Wild relative 3154 1 0 1 2 1 No 0 2 1 SYM00658 Wild relative 3139 1 1 1 0 2 No 1 2 3 SYM00660 Wild relative 3127 0 1 2 1 0 No 1 0 1 SYM00011 Wild relative 3123 0 0 0 0 1 Yes 0 2 0 SYM00011b Wild relative 3245 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00069 Wild relative 3232 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 2 SYM00013 Wild relative 3160 0 0 2 2 0 Yes 0 2 0 SYM00014 Wild relative 3165 0 0 2 1 0 Yes 0 2 0 SYM00062 Wild relative 3155 0 0 2 2 0 No 1 2 0 SYM00068 Wild relative 3140 0 0 2 2 1 No 3 2 0 SYM00657 Wild relative 3156 0 0 2 0 0 No 3 2 0 SYM00672 Wild relative 3144 0 0 2 2 1 No 3 1 0 SYM00178 Ancient Landrace 3196 0 0 1 1 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00722 Ancient Landrace 3197 0 0 1 0 0 No 1 1 0 SYM00013b Wild relative 3246 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00180 Ancient Landrace 3247 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00181 Ancient Landrace 3233 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 2 SYM00525 Wild relative 3218 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 2 1 SYM00716 Ancient Landrace 3219 0 0 0 0 0 No 1 1 1 SYM00731B Ancient Landrace 3234 0 0 0 0 0 No 1 1 0 SYM00597 Ancient Landrace 3198 0 0 0 0 1 No 0 0 3 SYM00022 Wild relative 3181 0 0 1 1 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00025 Ancient Landrace 3182 0 0 1 0 0 No 0 2 1 SYM00047 Ancient Landrace 3172 0 0 1 0 2 No 0 1 1 SYM00055 Ancient Landrace 3183 0 0 1 1 2 No 0 0 0 SYM00081 Ancient Landrace 3173 0 0 1 1 2 Yes 0 1 0 SYM00094 Ancient Landrace 3166 0 0 1 1 2 Yes 0 1 1 SYM00095 Ancient Landrace 3167 0 0 1 1 2 Yes 0 1 1 SYM00096 Ancient Landrace 3184 0 0 1 1 0 No 0 1 1 SYM00506 Ancient Landrace 3161 0 0 1 1 1 No 0 3 1 SYM00018 Ancient Landrace 3235 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00020 Ancient Landrace 3199 0 0 0 0 1 Yes 0 3 0 SYM00506b Ancient Landrace 3145 0 1 1 1 1 No 0 3 3 SYM00731A Ancient Landrace 3174 0 0 1 0 1 No 1 2 0 SYM00049 Ancient Landrace 3116 0 0 0 1 0 No 0 3 1 SYM00057 Ancient Landrace 3248 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00058 Ancient Landrace 3220 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 3 SYM00082a Ancient Landrace 3236 0 0 0 1 0 Yes 0 1 0 SYM00101 Ancient Landrace 3221 0 0 0 1 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00502 Ancient Landrace 3185 0 0 0 1 1 No 0 3 0 SYM00511 Ancient Landrace 3222 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 2 1 SYM00514b Ancient Landrace 3162 0 0 0 0 2 No 0 3 3 SYM00514C Ancient Landrace 3200 0 0 0 0 0 No 3 0 1 SYM00514D Ancient Landrace 3186 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 2 3 SYM00100 Ancient Landrace 3157 1 1 1 1 1 No 0 3 0 SYM00078 Ancient Landrace 3141 3 1 1 1 2 Yes 0 3 0 SYM00544 Ancient Landrace 3187 0 1 0 0 1 No 0 3 0 SYM00545B Ancient Landrace 3223 0 1 0 0 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00548 Ancient Landrace 3201 0 1 0 0 1 No 0 2 0 SYM00552 Ancient Landrace 3202 0 1 0 0 0 No 0 2 1 SYM00558 Ancient Landrace 3203 0 1 0 0 1 No 0 2 0 SYM00583 Ancient Landrace 3204 0 1 0 0 1 No 0 2 0 SYM00584 Ancient Landrace 3224 0 0 0 0 1 No 0 2 0 SYM00588 Ancient Landrace 3168 0 1 0 0 2 No 0 2 2 SYM00596 Ancient Landrace 3114 0 1 0 0 1 No 0 2 3 SYM00600 Ancient Landrace 3188 0 1 0 0 2 No 0 2 0 SYM00746 Ancient Landrace 3175 1 1 0 0 1 No 1 1 1 SYM00064a Wild relative 3142 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 0 SYM00183 Wild relative 3176 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 2 SYM00184 Wild relative 3205 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 3 SYM00543 Ancient Landrace 3225 1 1 0 0 0 No 0 1 0 SYM00595 Ancient Landrace 3118 1 1 0 0 0 No 0 1 0 SYM00551 Ancient Landrace 3189 0 1 0 1 0 No 2 1 0 SYM00547 Ancient Landrace 3129 0 0 0 2 0 No 1 1 0 SYM00560 Ancient Landrace 3226 0 0 0 1 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00586b Ancient Landrace 3190 0 1 0 2 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00585 Ancient Landrace 3177 0 0 0 1 2 No 1 2 0 SYM00824 Ancient Landrace 3192 0 1 0 0 0 No 3 1 0 SYM00588b Ancient Landrace 3191 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 3 2 SYM00591 Ancient Landrace 3206 0 0 0 0 0 No 3 1 0 SYM00828 Ancient Landrace 3237 0 0 0 1 0 No 0 1 0 SYM00830 Ancient Landrace 3207 0 0 0 0 0 No 3 1 0 SYM00831 Ancient Landrace 3208 0 0 0 1 1 No 1 1 0 SYM00052 Wild relative 3133 0 0 1 0 1 No 0 1 1 SYM00053 Wild relative 3209 0 0 1 0 1 No 0 0 1 SYM00054 Wild relative 3210 0 0 0 1 0 No 0 0 3 SYM00028 Ancient Landrace 3115 1 1 1 0 1 No 0 1 3 SYM00633 Ancient Landrace 3138 1 1 1 0 2 No 1 3 3 SYM00538E Ancient Landrace 3158 1 1 0 2 1 No 3 1 0 SYM00574 Ancient Landrace 3149 2 1 0 2 1 No 3 1 1 SYM00501 Ancient Landrace 3146 3 1 0 2 0 No 3 2 0 SYM00504 Ancient Landrace 3147 3 1 0 2 0 No 3 2 0 SYM00536 Ancient Landrace 3148 3 1 0 3 1 No 1 2 0 SYM00575 Ancient Landrace 3150 3 1 0 2 1 No 3 1 0 SYM00542 Ancient Landrace 3214 0 0 1 0 0 No 0 1 1 SYM00556 Ancient Landrace 3193 0 0 1 0 0 No 0 3 0 SYM00586c Ancient Landrace 3178 0 0 1 0 0 No 0 2 2 SYM00177 Wild relative 3211 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 3 SYM00514A Ancient Landrace 3212 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 2 2 SYM00523 Wild relative 3213 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 2 2 SYM00538H Ancient Landrace 3238 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 2 SYM00598 Ancient Landrace 3227 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 2 SYM00051 Wild relative 3163 0 2 0 2 0 No 0 2 2 SYM00587 Ancient Landrace 3169 0 0 2 0 0 No 0 2 1 SYM00104 Ancient Landrace 3249 1 0 0 0 0 Yes 0 0 0 SYM00832 Ancient Landrace 3239 1 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00252 Ancient Landrace 3485 0 0 0 0 0 Yes 0 0 0 SYM00182 Ancient Landrace 3151 1 0 1 0 1 No 1 3 3 SYM00179 Ancient Landrace 3164 1 0 2 0 1 No 0 1 1 SYM00021 Wild relative 3131 2 0 3 2 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00589 Ancient Landrace 3126 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 3 2 SYM00057B Ancient Landrace 3113 0 1 1 1 1 Yes 3 1 0 SYM00102 Ancient Landrace 3124 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 2 SYM00553 Ancient Landrace 3240 0 1 0 0 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00601 Ancient Landrace 3215 1 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 3 SYM00507 Ancient Landrace 3179 2 1 0 0 0 No 0 2 1 SYM00072 Wild relative 3194 2 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 3 SYM00564 Ancient Landrace 3228 2 1 0 0 0 No 0 0 0 SYM00075 Wild relative 3134 2 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 3 SYM00562 Ancient Landrace 3241 2 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 0 SYM00062b Wild relative 3180 0 0 1 0 0 No 0 3 1 SYM00065 Wild relative 3250 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 1 SYM00975 Ancient Landrace 3128 0 0 0 2 2 No 0 0 3 SYM00545 Ancient Landrace 3229 0 1 0 0 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00554 Ancient Landrace 3130 0 1 0 0 0 No 0 1 1 SYM00555 Ancient Landrace 3252 0 1 0 0 0 No 0 0 0 SYM00506c Ancient Landrace 3216 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 3 1 SYM00506D Ancient Landrace 3242 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00549 Ancient Landrace 3251 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 0 SYM00012 Wild relative 3121 1 0 0 0 1 No 0 1 1 SYM00050 Ancient Landrace 3153 0 2 1 1 1 No 0 2 2 SYM00046 Ancient Landrace 3136 1 3 1 2 1 No 0 1 3 SYM00106 Ancient Landrace 3243 0 0 1 0 0 Yes 0 0 0 SYM00108 Ancient Landrace 3244 0 0 1 0 0 Yes 0 0 0 SYM00107 Ancient Landrace 3125 0 0 0 0 0 Yes 0 0 1 SYM00090 Ancient Landrace 3122 1 0 0 1 0 No 0 0 0 SYM00002 Wild relative 3119 0 0 2 0 0 No 0 3 0 SYM00060 Ancient Landrace 3137 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 3 SYM00071 Wild relative 3120 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 2 SYM00563 Ancient Landrace 3553 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 0 SYM00617 Wild relative 3230 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 2 SYM00960 Ancient Landrace 3195 0 0 0 2 0 No 0 0 3 SYM00992 Wild relative 3152 0 0 0 0 2 No 0 0 2 SYM00524 Wild relative 3217 0 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 3 SYM00063 Wild relative 3170 1 0 0 0 0 No 0 1 3 SYM00527 Wild relative 3171 0 0 1 0 1 No 0 3 1 SYM00538A Ancient Landrace 3143 0 0 1 0 0 No 0 2 0 SYM00508 Ancient Landrace 3135 0 0 1 0 1 No 0 2 0

Production of Auxin

Indole containing IAA is able to generate a pinkish chromophore under acidic conditions in the presence of ferric chloride. Microbial strains were inoculated into R2A both supplemented with L-TRP (5 mM) in 2 mL 96 well culture plates (1 mL). The plate was sealed with a breathable membrane and incubated at 23° C. under static conditions for 5 days. After 5 days, 150 μL of each culture was transferred to a 96 well plate and the OD600 measured. After measuring the OD600, the plate was centrifuged, and 50 μL of supernatant was transferred to a new 96 well plate, mixed with 100 μL of Salkowski reagent (1 mL of FeCl3 0.5 M solution to 50 mL of 35% HClO4) and incubated in the dark for 30 minutes and OD530 nm measured to detect the pink/red color.

Auxin is an important plant hormone, which can promote cell enlargement and inhibit branch development (meristem activity) in above ground plant tissues, while below ground it has the opposite effect, promoting root branching and growth. Interestingly, plant auxin is manufactured above ground and transported to the roots. It thus follows that plant and especially root inhabiting microbes which produce significant amounts of auxin will be able to promote root branching and development even under conditions where the plant reduces its own production of auxin. Such conditions can exist for example when soil is flooded and roots encounter an anoxic environment.

We screened seed derived bacteria for their ability to produce auxins as possible root growth promoting agents. A very large proportion of the bacteria tested, approximately 103 out of 140, or 73% of the total strains, showed a detectable level of pink or red colour development (the diagnostic feature of the assay suggesting auxin or indolic compound production). 63 strains (45% of total) had particularly strong production of auxin or indole compounds.

Mineral Phosphate Solubilization

Microbes were plated on tricalcium phosphate media as described in Rodriguez et al., (2001) J Biotechnol 84: 155-161 (incorporated herein by reference). This was prepared as follows: 10 g/L glucose, 0.373 g/L NH₄NO₃, 0.41 g/L MgSO₄, 0.295 g/L NaCl, 0.003 FeCl₃, 0.7 g/L Ca₃HPO₄, 100 mM Tris and 20 g/L Agar, pH 7, then autoclaved and poured into square Petri plates. After 3 days of growth at 28° C. in darkness, clear halos were measured around colonies able to solubilize the tricalcium phosphate.

Approximately 50 strains (36% of the strains), showed some ability to solubilize mineral phosphate, with 15 strains (11%) producing strong levels of mineral phosphate solubilization.

Growth on Nitrogen Free LGI Media

All glassware was cleaned with 6 M HCl before media preparation. A new 96 well plate (300 ul well volume) was filled with 250 ul/well of sterile LGI broth [per L, 50 g Sucrose, 0.01 g FeCl₃-6H₂O, 0.02 g CaCl₂, 0.8 g K₃PO₄, 0.2 g CaCl2, 0.2 g MgSO₄-7H₂O, 0.002 g Na₂MoO₄-2H₂O, pH 7.5]. Microbes were inoculated into the 96 wells simultaneously with a flame-sterilized 96 pin replicator. The plate was sealed with a breathable membrane, incubated at 28° C. without shaking for 3 days, and OD₆₀₀ readings taken with a 96 well plate reader.

A nitrogen fixing plant associated bacterium is able theoretically to add to the host's nitrogen metabolism, and the most famous beneficial plant associated bacteria, rhizobia, are able to do this within specially adapted organs leguminous plant grows for them to be able to do this. These seed associated bacteria may be able to fix nitrogen in association with the developing seedling, whether they colonize the plant's surfaces or interior and thereby add to the plant's nitrogen nutrition.

In total, of the 140 isolates there were 15 (10% of strains tested) which had detectable growth under nitrogen limiting conditions (Table 31).

ACC Deaminase Activity

Microbes were assayed for growth with ACC as their sole source of nitrogen. Prior to media preparation all glassware was cleaned with 6 M HCl. A 2 M filter sterilized solution of ACC (#1373A, Research Organics, USA) was prepared in water. 2 μl/mL of this was added to autoclaved LGI broth (see above), and 250 uL aliquots were placed in a brand new (clean) 96 well plate. The plate was inoculated with a 96 pin library replicator, sealed with a breathable membrane, incubated at 28° C. without 3 days, and OD600 readings taken. Only wells that were significantly more turbid than their corresponding nitrogen free LGI wells were considered to display ACC deaminase activity.

Plant stress reactions are strongly impacted by the plant's own production and overproduction of the gaseous hormone ethylene. Ethylene is metabolized from its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) which can be diverted from ethylene metabolism by microbial and plant enzymes having ACC deaminase activity. As the name implies, ACC deaminase removes molecular nitrogen from the ethylene precursor, removing it as a substrate for production of the plant stress hormone and providing for the microbe a source of valuable nitrogen nutrition. It is somewhat surprising, but this microbially mediated biochemical ability to reduce plant stress is very important as damage to plant growth under various stress conditions is believed to result from over production of ethylene (Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, October 2007, Volume 34, Issue 10, pp 635-648).

In total, of the 140 isolates there were 28 strains (20%) which had greater growth on nitrogen free LGI media supplemented with ACC, than in nitrogen free LGI. Of these, 14 strains (10%) had very high ACC deaminase activity.

Acetoin and Diacetyl Production

The method was adapted from Phalip et al., (1994) J Basic Microbiol 34: 277-280. (incorporated herein by reference). 250 ml of autoclaved R2A broth supplemented with 0.5% glucose was aliquoted into a 96 well plate (#07-200-700, Fisher). The microbial endophytes from a glycerol stock plate were inoculated using a flame-sterilized 96 pin replicator, sealed with a breathable membrane, then incubated for 3 days without shaking at 28° C. At day 3, 50 μl/well was added of freshly blended Barritt's Reagents A and B [5 g/L creatine mixed 3:1 (v/v) with freshly prepared ∝-naphthol (75 g/L in 2.5 M sodium hydroxide)]. After 15 minutes, plates were scored for red or pink colouration relative to a copper coloured negative control (measured as 525 nm absorption on a plate reader).

A very high proportion of the stains tested were found to produce acetoin: 76 strains of the 140 tested, or 54%, produced at least some detectable level of acetoin, with 40 strains (28%) producing moderate to high levels (Table 31).

Siderophore Production

To ensure no contaminating iron was carried over from previous experiments, all glassware was deferrated with 6 M HCl and water prior to media preparation [Cox (1994) Methods Enzymol 235: 315-329, incorporated herein by reference]. In this cleaned glassware, R2A broth media, which is iron limited, was prepared and poured (250 ul/well) into 96 well plates and the plate then inoculated with microbes using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of incubation at 28° C. without shaking, to each well was added 100 ul of O-CAS preparation without gelling agent [Perez-Miranda et al. (2007), J Microbiol Methods 70: 127-131, incorporated herein by reference]. Again using the cleaned glassware, 1 liter of 0-CAS overlay was made by mixing 60.5 mg of Chrome azurol S (CAS), 72.9 mg of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA), 30.24 g of finely crushed Piperazine-1,4-bis-2-ethanesulfonic acid (PIPES) with 10 ml of 1 mM FeCl₃.6H₂O in 10 mM HCl solvent. The PIPES had to be finely powdered and mixed gently with stirring (not shaking) to avoid producing bubbles, until a dark blue colour was achieved. 15 minutes after adding the reagent to each well, colour change was scored by looking for purple halos (catechol type siderophores) or orange colonies (hydroxamate siderophores) relative to the deep blue of the O-Cas.

In many environments, iron is a limiting nutrient for growth. A coping mechanism which many microbes have developed is to produce and secrete iron chelating compounds called siderophores which often only that particular species or strain has the means to re-uptake and interact with to release the bound iron, making it available for metabolism. A fringe effect of siderophore production and secretion is that a siderophore secreting microbes can remove all the bio-available iron in its environment, making it difficult for a competing species to invade and grow in that micro-environment.

Siderophore production by microbes on a plant surface or inside a plant may both show that a microbe is equipped to grow in a nutrient limited environment, and perhaps protect the plant environment from invasion by other, perhaps undesirable microbes. Siderophore production was detectable in 45 strains (32%), with 18 strains producing significant amounts.

Cellulase Activity

Iodine reacts with cellulose to form a dark blue-colored complex, leaving clear halos as evidence of extracellular enzyme activity. Adapting a previous protocol [Kasana et al. (2008), Curr Microbiol 57: 503-507, incorporated herein by reference] 0.2% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) sodium salt (#C5678, Sigma) and 0.1% triton X-100 were added to R2A media, autoclaved and poured into 150 mm plates. Microbes were inoculated using a 96 pin plate replicator. After 3 days of culturing in the darkness at 25° C., cellulose activity was visualized by flooding the plate with Gram's iodine. Positive colonies were surrounded by clear halos. 47 strains, or approximately 33%, were found to produce cellulase activity. Interestingly, 11 strains produced high levels of cellulase activity (Table 31).

Antibiosis

Production of antimicrobial compounds from endophytes was tested essentially as described in Johnston-Monje et al., (2012) PLoS ONE 6(6): e20396, which is incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, colonies of either E. coli DH5a (gram negative tester), Bacillus subtillus ssp. subtilis (gram positive tester), or yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH109 (fungal tester) were resuspended in 1 mL LB to an OD600 of 0.2, and 30 μL of this was mixed with 30 mL of warm LB agar. Serial dilutions were made and plates poured. Microbes were inoculated onto rectangular plates containing R2A agar using a 96 pin plate replicator, incubated for one day at 28 C and one day at 23 C. Antibiosis was scored by observing clear halos around endophyte colonies. 30 strains were found to produce E. coli-antagonistic activity, while 39 strains had activity against S. cerevisiae.

Example 5 Testing of Ancestral Seed-Origin Bacterial Endophyte Populations on Plants Experimental Aim

The results shown above demonstrate that many of the endophytic bacteria derived from ancestral relatives of modern agricultural plants possess activities that could impart beneficial traits to a plant upon colonization. First, many of the bacteria described here are capable of producing compounds that could be beneficial to the plant, as detected using the in vitro assays described above. In addition, several representative bacteria were tested and found to successfully colonize corn plants as demonstrated in the example above. The aim of the experiments in this section addresses the ability of the bacterial endophytes to confer beneficial traits on a host plant. Several different methods were used to ascertain this. First, plants inoculated with bacteria were tested under conditions without any stress to determine whether the microbe confers an increase in vigor. Second, endophyte-inoculated plants were tested under specific stress conditions (e.g., salt stress, heat stress, water stress, and combinations thereof) to test whether the bacteria confer an increase in tolerance to these stresses. These growth tests were performed using two different means: using growth assays on water-agar plates, and using growth assays on sterile filter papers.

Experimental Description Surface Sterilization of Seeds

Un-treated maize seeds and wheat seeds were sterilized overnight with chlorine gas as follows: 200 g of seeds were weighed and placed in a 250 mL glass bottle. The opened bottle and its cap were placed in a dessicator jar in a fume hood. A beaker containing 100 mL of commercial bleach (8.25% sodium hypochlorite) was placed in the dessicator jar. Immediately prior to sealing the jar, 3 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (34-37.5%) were carefully added to the bleach. The sterilization was left to proceed for 18-24 h. After sterilization, the bottle was closed with its sterilized cap, and reopened in a sterile flow hood. The opened bottle was left in the sterile hood for a couple hours to air out the seeds and remove chlorine gas leftover. The bottle was then closed and the seeds stored at room temperature in the dark until use.

Water Agar Assays

Bacterial endophytes isolated from seeds as described herein were tested for their ability to promote plant growth under normal and stressed conditions by inoculating maize and wheat seeds with those endophytes and germinating them on water agar. For each bacterial endophyte tested, 5 mL of liquid R2A medium was inoculated with a single colony and the culture grown at room temperature on a shaker to an OD (600 nm) of between 0.8 and 1.2.

Sterilized maize and wheat seeds were placed on water agar plates (1.3% bacto agar) in a laminar flow hood, using forceps previously flamed. A drop of inoculum with an OD comprised between 0.8 and 1.2 (corresponding to about 10⁸ CFU/mL) was placed on each seed (50 uL for maize, 30 uL for wheat, representing approximately 5·10⁶ and 3·10⁶ CFUs for maize and wheat, respectively). For each treatment, 3 plates were prepared with 12 seeds each. Plates were sealed with surgical tape, randomized to avoid position effects and placed in a growth chamber set at 22° C., 60% relative humidity, in the dark for four days. After four days, a picture of each plate was taken and the root length of each seedling was measured using the imaging software ImageJ. The percentage difference between the treated plants and the mock-treated (R2A control) was then calculated. For growth under salt stress, the water agar plates were supplemented with 100 mM NaCl. For growth under heat stress, the plates were placed at 40° C., 60% humidity after two days of growth, and left for an additional two days.

Filter Paper Growth Assay

Filter papers were autoclaved and placed into Petri dishes, and then presoaked with treatment solutions. To simulate normal conditions, 3-4 mL sterile water was added to the filters. Water and saline stresses were induced by adding 3-4 mL 8% PEG 6000 solution or 50 or 100 mM NaCl to the filter papers. Surface sterilized seeds were incubated in bacterial inocula for at least one hour prior to plating. Nine seeds were plated in triplicate for each condition tested, including room temperature and heat stress (40° C.) for both normal and saline conditions. During initial stages of the experiment, plates were sealed with parafilm to inhibit evaporative water loss and premature drying of the filter papers. Plates were incubated in the dark at room temperature for two days following which heat treatment plates were shifted to 40° C. for 4-6 days. Parafilm was removed from all plates after 3-5 days. After 5-8 days, seedlings were scored by manually measuring root length for corn and shoot length for wheat and recording the mass of pooled seedlings from individual replicates.

Experimental Results

Plant vigor and improved stress resilience are important components of providing fitness to a plant in an agricultural setting. These can be measured in germination assays to test the improvement on the plant phenotype as conferred by microbial inoculation. The collection of seed-derived endophytes produced a measurable response in corn and wheat when inoculated as compared to non-inoculated controls, as shown in Tables 32A-32D. For example, most of the strains tested were found to produce a favorable phenotype in any of the measured multiple parameters such as root length, weight, or shoot length in wheat, suggesting that the strains play an intimate role modulating and improving plant vigor and conferring stress resilience to the host plant. In wheat under normal conditions (vigor), 78% of the strains tested showed some level of effect and 63% a strong plant response suggesting the physiology and ecological niches of the strain collection can be associated to a beneficial plant role. The stress responses in the strain collection can be seen by the ability of a subgroup to confer a beneficial response under different conditions such as heat and salt and water stress. These can be applicable to products for arid and marginal lands. In a large proportion of cases for the tested strains, the beneficial effect was measurable in both crops indicating that the strains are capable of colonizing multiple varieties and plant species. This can play a role in their mechanisms for dispersal and colonization from one seed into a mature plant but also as part of the life cycle to establish an ample distribution range and ecological persistence in nature.

TABLE 32A (ancestral seed-origin bacterial endophyte populations on plants in corn assays) Root Root length Weight length Corn-variety 3 Old NEW Corn Corn water-agar Strain Source OTU# OTU# Variety 1 Variety 2 Normal Salt SYM00002 Wild relative 66 3119 N/A N/A 2 2 SYM00011 Wild relative 2 3123 N/A N/A — 1 SYM00012 Wild relative 55 3121 N/A N/A 2 2 SYM00028 Ancient 18 3115 N/A N/A 2 N/A Landrace SYM00049 Ancient 7 3116 2 1 3 1 Landrace SYM00052 Wild relative 18 3133 N/A N/A 1 — SYM00057b Ancient 37 3113 N/A N/A 3 2 Landrace SYM00060 Ancient 67 3137 N/A N/A 1 N/A Landrace SYM00064a Wild relative 10 3142 N/A N/A 2 2 SYM00071 Wild relative 76 3120 N/A N/A 1 SYM00090 Ancient 62 3122 N/A N/A — 1 Landrace

TABLE 32B (Root length and weight of ancestral seed-origin bacterial endophyte populations on plants) Root length Weight Heat- Water Heat- Water Strain Normal Heat Salt salt stress Normal Heat Salt salt stress SYM00002 1 3 — — 3 2 3 1 — 1 SYM00011 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 — — — — 2 SYM00012 — 1 — — — 2 2 — 2 — SYM00021 — — 3 1 — — — — — — SYM00028 — — — — 3 1 — 2 3 — SYM00033 — 1 3 2 2 1 3 — 2 — SYM00049 1 3 1 2 1 — — — 1 — SYM00052 N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 — — — — 1 SYM00057b 1 1 — 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 SYM00060 3 2 1 — — — 2 — — — SYM00063 — — — — — 1 — — — — SYM00071 — 1 2 3 — 2 1 2 3 — SYM00075 N/A N/A N/A N/A — — — — — 3 SYM00090 2 2 2 — 1 3 3 1 1 — SYM00102 — 2 3 3 — — 1 — 3 — SYM00107 — 1 — — — 1 — — 3 1 SYM00508 — — — — — 1 — — — — SYM00538A 1 1 3 — — — — — 1 — SYM00547 2 1 3 — 1 1 — — — 1 SYM00554 — 3 — 3 — — 2 — 3 — SYM00589 — 2 3 3 — 1 3 1 3 — SYM00595 1 3 2 2 — 1 3 1 3 — SYM00596 1 3 3 3 1 — 3 — 3 — SYM00660 — 2 1 1 2 — 2 — — 2 SYM00967 — — 3 — 3 1 1 1 — 1 SYM00975 2 — 3 — 3 1 1 — — 2 SYM00992 1 — — — 3 — — — — —

TABLE 32C (Root length in normal, heat, and salt stress modes) Root Length Strain Normal Heat Salt SYM00028 3 — 2 SYM00046 3 N/A N/A SYM00049 3 2 2 SYM00057b 3 3 3 SYM00060 2 N/A N/A SYM00090 3 2 1 SYM00102 2 — — SYM00107 2 3 — SYM00508 3 3 1 SYM00538A 1 — 1 SYM00547 2 3 2 SYM00589 — 3 1 SYM00595 — 3 — SYM00596 1 3 1 SYM00965 2 — 1 SYM00967 2 3 3 SYM00975 1 — 2 SYM00002 3 — 3 SYM00011 3 3 3 SYM00012 3 1 3 SYM00021 3 — — SYM00033 3 — 3 SYM00052 1 — 3 SYM00063 1 — — SYM00064a 3 — — SYM00071 3 — — SYM00075 3 — — SYM00183 3 — — SYM00660 — — 2 SYM00992 — — 3

TABLE 32D (Root length and weight in normal, salt, and water stresses) Shoot length Weight Water Water Strain Normal Salt stress Normal Salt stress SYM00002 — 1 — — 2 — SYM00011 3 1 3 3 — 2 SYM00012 — 2 3 2 — 1 SYM00028 — 3 3 — 3 3 SYM00033 3 1 2 — — 1 SYM00049 3 — 3 2 — 2 SYM00052 1 — 1 3 — — SYM00057b 3 3 1 2 — 3 SYM00064a — 2 2 — — — SYM00071 2 3 3 — 3 1 SYM00075 — 1 3 — — 3 SYM00090 — — 3 — — 3 SYM00102 — 3 3 2 3 — SYM00107 1 3 3 2 3 3 SYM00508 — 3 — — 2 — SYM00547 N/A N/A 1 N/A N/A — SYM00554 — 3 — — 3 — SYM00595 1 3 3 2 3 — SYM00596 1 3 3 1 3 2 SYM00660 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A —

Example 6 Identification and Characterization of Culturable Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes Belonging to OTUs Present in Landrace and Wild Corn and Wheat Seeds that have been Lost in Modern Corn and Wheat Seeds Isolation and Identification of Culturable Microbes

In order to better understand the role played by landrace and wild seed-derived endophytic microbes in improving the vigor, general health and stress resilience of modern agricultural plants, we identified culturable microbes that belong to the same OTUs as certain microbes of Tables 16-23 that were present in landrace and wild seeds but were present at much lower levels in modern wheat or corn. Using the same methods as in Example 3 and other techniques known in the art, bacterial endophytes were cultured from a variety of plant parts and a variety of plants. To accurately characterize the isolated microbial endophytes, colonies were submitted for marker gene sequencing, and the sequences were analyzed to provide taxonomic classifications. Among the cultured microbes, those with at least 97% 16S or ITS sequence similarity to certain microbes of Tables 16-19 were identified. Those microbes are listed in Table 33A.

TABLE 33A Cultured bacterial isolates belonging to the same OTUs as certain bacteria of Tables 16-19 that were present in landrace and wild seeds but were present at much lower levels in modern wheat or corn. New SEQ ID NO of SEQ ID bacterial Old OTU NO of taxa of bacterial cultured from taxa from NEW OTU of Cultured bac- wild or wild or bacterial taxa bacterial terial landrace landrace from wild or isolate isolate seed seed landrace seed SYM00013 3590 33 OTU_7 B0.9|GG99|4327501 SYM00018 3592 30, 31 OTU_2, B0.9|GG99|9943, OTU_3489 B0.9|GG97|2582263 SYM00021b 3594 27 OTU_35 B0.9|GG99|370327 SYM00025 3595 30, 31 OTU_2, B0.9|GG99|9943, OTU_3489 B0.9|GG97|2582263 SYM00028 27 OTU_35 B0.9|GG99|370327 SYM00043 3598 30, 31 OTU_2, B0.9|GG99|9943, OTU_3489 B0.9|GG97|2582263 SYM00044 3599 27 OTU_35 B0.9|GG99|370327 SYM00050 3600 26, 28, OTU_3592, B0.9|GG97|816702, 24, 25, OTU_1384, B0.9|GG99|218527, 1939, OTU_3629, B0.9|GG97|639627, 1548 OTU_2970, B0.9|GG97|253061, OTU_3153, B0.9|GG97|4374146, OTU_115 B0.9|GG99|625742 SYM00068 3606 33 OTU_7 B0.9|GG99|4327501 SYM00074 3608 26, 28, OTU_3592, B0.9|GG97|816702, 24, 25, OTU_1384, B0.9|GG99|218527, 1939, OTU_3629, B0.9|GG97|639627, 1548 OTU_2970, B0.9|GG97|253061, OTU_3153, B0.9|GG97|4374146, OTU_115 B0.9|GG99|625742 SYM00183 3620 37 OTU_83 B0.9|GG99|4102407 SYM00184 3621 37 OTU_83 B0.9|GG99|4102407 SYM00219 3624 18 OTU_38 B0.9|GG99|29974 SYM00506c 3629 16 OTU_24 B0.9|GG99|4294649 SYM00508 3631 25 OTU_2970 B0.9|GG97|253061 SYM00545 3637 16 OTU_24 B0.9|GG99|4294649 SYM00549 3638 16 OTU_24 B0.9|GG99|4294649 SYM00617 3645 18 OTU_38 B0.9|GG99|29974 SYM00620 3646 26, 28, OTU_3592, B0.9|GG97|816702, 24, 25, OTU_1384, B0.9|GG99|218527, 1939, OTU_3629, B0.9|GG97|639627, 1548 OTU_2970, B0.9|GG97|253061, OTU_3153, B0.9|GG97|4374146, OTU_115 B0.9|GG99|625742 SYM00646 3651 33 OTU_7 B0.9|GG99|4327501 SYM00662 3653 2005  OTU_11 B0.9|GG99|560886 SYM00905 3663 37 OTU_83 B0.9|GG99|4102407

Characterization of Culturable Microbes: Auxin, Acetoin and Siderophore Production

The culturable microbes belonging to the same OTUs as certain microbes of Tables 16-23 that were present in landrace and wild seeds but were present at much lower levels in modern wheat or corn were then seeded onto 96 well plants and tested for auxin, acetoin and siderophore production, using the methods described in Example 5 with minor modifications. For auxin measurement, 1 μl of overnight-grown cultures of endophytic bacterial strains were inoculated into 750 μl of R2A broth supplemented with L-TRP (5 mM) in 2-mL 96 well culture plates. The plates were sealed with a breathable membrane and incubated at 23° C. with constant shaking at 200 rpm for 4 days. To measure anxin production by fungal strains, 3 μl of 5-day old liquid fujgal cultures were inoculated into 1 ml R2A broth supplemeted with L-TRP (5 mM) in 24-well culture plates. The plates were sealed with breathable tape and incubated at 23° C. with constant shaking at 130 rpm for 4 days. After 4 days, 100 μL of each culture was transferred to a 96 well plate. 25 μL of Salkowski reagent (1 mL of FeCl3 0.5 M solution to 50 mL of 35% HClO4) was added into each well and the plates were incubated in the dark for 30 minutes before taking picture and measuring 540 nm obsorption using the SpectraMax M5 plate reader (Molecular Devices). For acetoin measurements, microbial strains were cultured as described above in R2A broth supplemented with 5% glucose. After 4 days, 100 μL of each culture was transferred to a 96 well plate and mixed with 25 μL Barritt's Reagents (See Example 4) and 525 nm absorption was measured. For siderophore measurements, microbial strains were cultured as described above in R2A broth. The results are presented in Tables 31A.

TABLE 33B Auxin, siderophore, and acetoin production by culturable bacteria belonging to OTUs present in landrace and wild corn and wheat seeds that are present in lower levels in modern corn and wheat seeds Secretes Produces Produces Strain SEQ ID NO. siderophores Auxin/Indoles Acetoin SYM00013 3590 0 1 0 SYM00018 3592 0 3 2 SYM00021b 3594 0 2 3 SYM00025 3595 1 3 2 SYM00043 3598 1 3 2 SYM00044 3599 1 1 3 SYM00050 3600 1 2 3 SYM00068 3606 2 2 0 SYM00074 3608 2 3 0 SYM00183 3620 0 2 1 SYM00184 3621 0 2 0 SYM00219 3624 3 2 3 SYM00506c 3629 0 2 2 SYM00508 3631 0 3 2 SYM00545 3637 2 2 2 SYM00549 3638 2 2 2 SYM00617 3645 1 3 1 SYM00620 3646 1 3 0 SYM00646 3651 3 2 3 SYM00662 3653 1 1 1 SYM00905 3663 3 2 2

In total, a very large proportion of the bacteria strains, 18 out of 21 strains tested, were able to utilize Tryptophan supplemented in the medium and showed a detectable level of pink or red color development (the diagnostic feature of the assay suggesting auxin or indolic compound production). 7 strains (33% of total) had particularly strong production of auxin or indole compounds. As for acetoin production, 13 out of 21 strains tested showed a detectable level of pink or red color (a proxy of acetoin production). Particularly, 5 of these 13 strains had strong production of acetoin. 7 out of 21 strains tested showed a detectable level of siderophore accumulation. Among these 7 strains, 3 strains showed very strong accumulation of siderophore.

Characterization of Culturable Microbes: Substrate Use

In addition to determining whether the strains produce auxin, acetoin, and siderophores, the ability of these strains to grow on a variety of substrates was determined. Liquid cultures of microbe were first sonicated to achieve homogeneity. 1 mL culture of each strain was harvested by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 4500 RPM and subsequently washed three times with sterile distilled water to remove any traces of residual media. Microbial samples were resuspended in sterile distilled water to a final OD₅₉₀ of 0.2. Measurements of absorbance were taken using a SpectraMax M microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.).

Sole carbon substrate assays were done using BIOLOG Phenotype MicroArray (PM) 1 and 2A MicroPlates (Hayward, Calif.). An aliquot of each bacterial cell culture (2.32 mL) were inoculated into 20 mL sterile IF-0a GN/GP Base inoculating fluid (IF-0), 0.24 mL 100× Dye F obtained from BIOLOG, and brought to a final volume of 24 mL with sterile distilled water. Negative control PM1 and PM2A assays were also made similarly minus bacterial cells to detect abiotic reactions. An aliquot of fungal culture (0.05 mL) of each strain were inoculated into 23.95 mL FF-IF medium obtained from BIOLOG. Microbial cell suspensions were stirred in order to achieve uniformity. One hundred microliters of the microbial cell suspension was added per well using a multichannel pipettor to the 96-well BIOLOG PM1 and PM2A MicroPlates that each contained 95 carbon sources and one water-only (negative control) well.

MicroPlates were sealed in paper surgical tape (Dynarex, Orangeburg, N.Y.) to prevent plate edge effects, and incubated stationary at 24° C. in an enclosed container for 70 hours. Absorbance at 590 nm was measured for all MicroPlates at the end of the incubation period to determine carbon substrate utilization for each strain and normalized relative to the negative control (water only) well of each plate (Garland and Mills, 1991; Barua et al., 2010; Siemens et al., 2012; Blumenstein et al., 2015). The bacterial assays were also calibrated against the negative control (no cells) PM1 and PM2A MicroPlates data to correct for any biases introduced by media on the colorimetric analysis (Borglin et al., 2012). Corrected absorbance values that were negative were considered as zero for subsequent analysis (Garland and Mills, 1991; Blumenstein et al., 2015) and a threshold value of 0.1 and above was used to indicate the ability of a particular microbial strain to use a given carbon substrate (Barua et al., 2010; Blumenstein et al., 2015). Additionally, bacterial MicroPlates were visually examined for the irreversible formation of violet color in wells indicating the reduction of the tetrazolium redox dye to formazan that result from cell respiration (Garland and Mills, 1991). Fungal PM tests were measured as growth assays and visual observation of mycelial growth in each well was made.

The results of these assays are shown in Tables 31B (BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates) and 31C (BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates).

TABLE 33C Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to OTUs present in landrace and wild corn and wheat seeds that are present in lower levels in modern corn and wheat seeds. Strain/Substrate SYM13 SYM18 SYM183 SYM184 SYM219 SYM43 SYM50 SYM508 SYM617 SYM620 SYM68 SYM905 D-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucose-6- NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO Phosphate L-Asparagine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-glutamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycyl-L-Aspartic YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO acid Glycyl-L- NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Glutamic acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES L-Arabinose YES YES NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO D-Sorbitol NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactonic YES YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO acid-?-lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Tartaric acid YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Citric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Tricarballylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO p-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Phenyl acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO Glucosamine Glycerol NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO D-L-Malic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES NO YES NO D-Glucosaminic NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO acid D-Glucose-1- NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol NO YES NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO L-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Phenyl Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO L-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribose NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO 1,2-Propanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tyramine YES YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Succinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucuronic NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO acid Tween 20 NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tween 40 NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Tween 80 NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Fumaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alanine YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES D-Psicose NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO D-Gluconic acid NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Rhamnose NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO a-Keto-Glutaric NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO acid a-Hydroxy YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Glutaric acid-?- lactone Bromo succinic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-Alanyl-Glycine YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO L-Lyxose NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO L-Aspartic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO D-L-a-Glycerol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO phosphate D-Fructose NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO a-Keto-Butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid a-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Butyric acid Propionic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Xylose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO Acetic acid NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Galactoside β-Methyl-D- NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO glucoside Mucic acid YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO N-acetyl-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO Mannosamine Pyruvic acid NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO D-Alanine YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lactic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO a-D-Glucose NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO a-D-Lactose NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Adonitol NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycolic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mono Methyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinate L-Galactonic- NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO acid-?-lactone D-Trehalose NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO Formic acid NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES Lactulose NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltotriose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES Glyoxylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Methyl Pyruvate NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO D-Galacturonic NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO acid D-Mannose NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES D-Mannitol NO YES NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Melibiose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO NO Sucrose NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO 2-Deoxy NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO adenosine D-Cellobiose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES D-Malic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Phenylethyl- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO amine Dulcitol NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO L-Glutamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Thymidine NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO Uridine YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO Adenosine NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO Inosine NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Malic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Aminoethanol NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

TABLE 33D Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to OTUs present in landrace and wild corn and wheat seeds that are present in lower levels in modern corn and wheat seeds. Strain/Substrate SYM13 SYM18 SYM183 SYM184 SYM219 SYM43 SYM50 SYM508 SYM617 SYM620 SYM68 SYM905 N-acetyl-D- NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES Galactosamine Gentiobiose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Raffinose NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO methyl ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Ornithine YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Chondrointin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO sulfate C N-acetyl- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO neuraminic acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Phenylalanine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO a-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-D-allose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO N-Acetyl-L- NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Glutamic acid L-Pyroglutamic YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO acid β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Amygdalin NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Melezitose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO L-Sorbose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Valine YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO γ-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-arabinose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Stachyose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucosamine YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Oxalomalic acid YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Carnitine YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dextrin NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO D-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucoside D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO benzoic acid Quinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Histidine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Galactoside Turanose NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO benzoic acid D-Ribono-1,4- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactone L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES Glycogen NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Arbutin NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO butyric acid Sebacic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Hydroxy-L- NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Proline Putrescine NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Inulin NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Deoxy-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Ribose β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO butyric acid Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Dihydroxy NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO acetone Laminarin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannoside γ-amino YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO butyric acid a-Keto-valeric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Succinamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Leucine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanediol YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xyloside d-amino valeric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Galactopyranosyl- D-arabinose Palatinose NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5-Keto-D- NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO Gluconic acid L-Tartaric acid YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Butanone N-acetyl-D- NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES Galactosamine Gentiobiose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Raffinose NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO methyl ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Ornithine YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Chondrointin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO sulfate C N-acetyl- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO neuraminic acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Phenylalanine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO a-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-D-allose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO N-Acetyl-L- NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Glutamic acid L-Pyroglutamic YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO acid β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Amygdalin NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Melezitose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO L-Sorbose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Valine YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO γ-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-arabinose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Stachyose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucosamine YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Oxalomalic acid YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Carnitine YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dextrin NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO D-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucoside D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO benzoic acid Quinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Histidine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Galactoside Turanose NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO benzoic acid D-Ribono-1,4- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactone L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES Glycogen NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Arbutin NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO butyric acid Sebacic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Hydroxy-L- NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Proline Putrescine NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Inulin NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Deoxy-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Ribose β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO butyric acid Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Dihydroxy NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO acetone Laminarin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannoside γ-amino YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO butyric acid a-Keto-valeric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Succinamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Leucine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanediol YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xyloside d-amino valeric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Galactopyranosyl- D-arabinose Palatinose NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5-Keto-D- NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO Gluconic acid L-Tartaric acid YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Butanone

Twelve SYM strains of culturable bacteria belonging to OTUs present in landrace and wild corn and wheat seeds that are present in lower levels in modern corn and wheat seeds were tested for sole carbon substrate utilization using BIOLOG PM1 and PM2A MicroPlates. The most utilized substrates by these strains are L-alanine, L-galactonic-acid-γ-lactone, maltose, maltotriose, D-cellobiose, gentiobiose, and D-glucosamine. The least utilized substrates by L-asparagine, L-glutamine, D-aspartic acid, tricarballylic acid, L-serine, L-fucose, 1,2-propanediol, D-threonine, L-threonine, succinic acid, fumaric acid, bromo succinic acid, D-L-a-glycerol phosphate, a-keto-butyric acid, a-hydroxy butyric acid, acetoacetic acid, glucuronamide, glycolic acid, mono methyl succinate, glyoxylic acid, phenylethyl-amine, and L-malic acid.

The substrates most utilized by a large number of the culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs are mucic acid, L-arabinose, L-galactonic-acid-γ-lactone, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, maltotriose, and D-cellobiose. These core bacteria did not utilize sedoheptulosan, oxalic acid, 2-hydroxy benzoic acid, quinic acid, mannan, L-methionine, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminitol, sorbic acid, 2,3-butanone, succinic acid, phenylethyl-amine, and 3-hydroxy 2-butanone as sole carbon sources. Results for the culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs indicate that D-sorbitol, L-arabinose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, glycerol, tween 40, tween 80, D-gluconic acid, L-proline, a-D-glucose, D-trehalose, maltose, lactulose, D-mannose, D-mannitol, sucrose, D-cellobiose, L-glutamic acid, L-ornithine, and L-pyroglutamic acid are carbon substrates that are utilized by a large number of the endophyte strains examined here. The carbon substrate that seemed to be not utilized by fungi in these assays is 2-deoxy-D-ribose. All other substrates could be utilized as a sole carbon nutrient by at least one fungi SYM strain.

Example 6 Testing of Culturable Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes Belonging to OTUs Present in Landrace and Wild Corn and Wheat Seeds that have been Lost in Modern Corn and Wheat Seeds

The results shown above demonstrate that culturable microbes belonging to the same OTUs present in landrace and wild corn and wheat seeds that have been lost in modern corn and wheat seeds possess activities that could impart beneficial traits to a plant upon colonization. The aim of the experiments in this section addresses the ability of these culturable bacterial and fungal endophytes to confer beneficial traits on a host plant. Several different methods were used to ascertain this. First, plants inoculated with bacteria or fungi were tested under conditions without any stress to determine whether the microbe confers an increase in vigor. Second, endophyte-inoculated plants were tested under water stress conditions to test whether the microbes confer an increase in tolerance to this stress. These growth tests were performed using growth assays on filter paper.

Seeds, Seed Sterilization and Seed Inoculation

Corn seeds were surface-sterilized with chlorine gas as described for Example 5. Inocula were also prepared and seeds inoculated as described in Example 5.

Filter Paper Growth Assay

Bacterial endophytes isolated from seeds as described herein were tested for their ability to promote plant growth under normal and stressed conditions by inoculating maize seeds with those endophytes and germinating them on filter paper. Each bacterial endophyte to be tested was streaked out onto 20% Tryptic Soy Agar, forming a lawn on regular Petri dishes (9 cm in diameter). Once the bacteria grew to high density, which happened after one or two days depending on the bacterial growth rate, a plate per bacterial strain was scraped with the aid of a sterile loop (filling the entire hole of the loop and producing a droplet of bacterial biomass of about 20 mg). The bacteria collected in this way were transferred into 1 ml of sterile 50 mM Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) in a microcentrifuge tube and fully resuspended by vortexing for ˜20 sec at maximum speed. This method achieves highly concentrated (˜0.5-1 optical density, corresponding to about 10⁸ CFU/mL) and viable bacteria pre-adapted to live coating a surface.

Inoculation of seeds was performed by aliquoting ˜100 seeds into a 50 ml sterile test tube with conical bottom. Sodium Alginate (SA) was used as a sticker and added to the seeds in a proportion of 8.4 ml/kg of seed. After applying the appropriate volume of SA with the aid of an automated pipette, the seeds were shook to ensure homogeneous coating. Immediately after adding the SA, an equal volume of the bacterial suspension was added to the seeds and these were gently shooked to ensure homogeneous coating.

Filter papers were autoclaved and placed into Petri dishes, and then presoaked with treatment solutions. To simulate normal conditions, 4 mL sterile water was added to the filters. Drought and saline stresses were induced by adding 4 mL 8% PEG 6000 solution or 100 mM NaCl to the filter papers. Eight seeds were plated in triplicate for each condition tested. The Petri dishes were sealed with surgical tape to avoid evaporative water loss and premature drying of the filter papers, randomized inside cardboard boxes to avoid position effects and placed in a growth chamber set at 22° C., 60% relative humidity, in the dark for five days.

Scoring of Results and Data Analysis

Once the seedlings had been growing for the prescribed period of time, they were removed from petri dishes, mounted on black cardboard backing, and photographed. After the seedlings were photographed, the images were processed to recover phenotypic measurements for further statistical analysis. The image-processing pipeline consisted of a cropping method that isolated the seedling assay from the peripheral metadata, a segmentation method that isolated individual seedlings from the background, and a rapid phenotyping tool that measured features of isolated seedling root morphologies.

Raw images were cropped using matrix rotation and subsampling methods included in the numpy python package. (van Rossum 2006, van der Walt 2011) Further segmentation on the cropped images was performed differently depending on crop genotype: soy seedlings were segmented using a watershed algorithm on the discreet Sobel gradient of the grayscale cropped image, while wheat and corn seedlings were segmented using Otsu's binary thresholding algorithm on the discreet Laplacian gradient of a Gaussian kernel convolved with the greyscale cropped image (Ando 2000, Otsu 1979). Image processing was performed using tools included in the Scikit-Image python package (vanderWalt, et al., 2014). Finally, the whole seedling biomass (root and shoot) of each treatment was determined using our own image processing metric.

Experimental Results

The effects of bacterial and fungal endophytes belonging to OTUs present in landrace and wild seeds, and combinations of bacterial endophytes or fungal endophytes, on the growth of corn seeds in a filter paper assay is shown in Table 34A and 34B.

TABLE 34A Growth of corn seeds treated with bacterial endophytes belonging to OTUs present in landrace and wild seeds that are found at lower levels in modern seeds. 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ Bio- Bio- Bio- ID Nor- logical Water logical Salt logical Strain NO. mal Effect? stress Effect? stress Effect? SYM00013 3590 1 no 2 yes 1 yes SYM00018 3592 1 no 0 no 2 yes SYM00021b 3594 1 no 1 yes 0 yes SYM00025 3595 2 yes 0 no 1 yes SYM00043 3598 0 yes 0 yes 0 yes SYM00044 3599 1 no 0 yes 0 yes SYM00074 3608 1 no 1 yes 2 yes SYM00184 3621 1 yes 2 yes 0 no SYM00219 3624 0 yes 0 yes 0 yes SYM00545 3637 0 yes 0 yes 0 yes SYM00549 3638 0 yes 0 yes 0 yes SYM00617 3645 1 no 2 yes 0 yes SYM00620 3646 1 yes 2 yes 0 yes SYM00646 3651 0 yes 0 yes 0 yes SYM00662 3653 1 yes 0 yes 1 no SYM00905 3663 1 yes 0 no 1 yes

In the salt stress, 12.5% of the microbial inoculants elicited >40% improvement on plant phenotype compared to seeds that were treated with the formulation suggesting a role in improving plant vigor under a salt stress condition. One of the two top performers is Pantoea sp. (SYM00018) and these strains were among the highest auxin producers tested which may indicate important beneficial traits for the plant associated with this genus. Under water stress, 25% of the microbial inoculants elicited >40% improvement on plant phenotype suggesting a role in improving plant vigor under a water stress condition. The four strains which provided the largest improvement to plant phenotype came from different genera, and two of them, SYM00013 and SYM00184, showed the ability to utilize a number of different carbon substrates including: L-Arabinose, N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, L-Alanine, D-Galactose, a-Hydroxy Glutaric acid-?-lactone, L-Alanyl-Glycine, D-Xylose, Mucic acid, D-Alanine and Uridine. This suggests that they may have similar roles in providing water stress protection for the plant. Under normal condition, 6.25% of the microbial inoculants elicited >40% improvement on plant phenotype compared to seeds that were treated with the formulation suggesting a role in improving plant vigor under a salt stress condition. The top performer under normal condition is Pantoea sp. (SYM00018) and these strains were among the highest auxin producers tested which may indicate important beneficial traits for the plant associated with this genus.

TABLE 34B Growth of corn seeds treated with combinations of bacterial endophytes belonging to OTUs present in landrace and wild seeds that are found at lower levels in modern seeds. *Any symbol to the left of the “/” pertains to primary radicle length with +, 0, − denoting an increase, no change, or decrease relative to control seedling radicles, respectively. The scale (a-e) to the right of the “/” pertains to relative increases or decreases in secondary characteristics of the seedlings as follows: a) root hair development, b) lateral root number, c) lateral root size, d) shoot length, and e) root thickness. SEQ ID SEQ ID Water Strain 1 NO. Strain 2 NO. Normal* stress* SYM00025 3595 SYM00044 3599 0 0/a SYM00043 3598 SYM00018 3592 — 0 SYM00074 3608 SYM00184 3621 0 — SYM00549 3638 SYM00617 3645 0/−b 0/a SYM00646 3651 SYM00662 3653 +/a, b, c SYM00662 3653 SYM00025 3595 −/−b +/a SYM00905 3663 SYM00043 3598 −/−b 0

A beneficial plant microbiome is likely made up of multiple strains that occupy stress protection niches within the plant. These particular bacterial endophyte combinations were evaluated in a germination assays to test the improvement on the plant phenotype conferred by inoculation with multiple bacterial strains. In water stressed plants the combination SYM00646/SYM00662 and SYM00662/SYM00025 provided improvement in plant phenotype compared to the formulation control.

Example 8 Identification and Characterization of Culturable Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes Belonging to Core OTUs Isolation and Identification of Culturable Microbes

In order to better understand the role played by core seed-derived endophytic microbes in improving the vigor, general health and stress resilience of agricultural plants, we identified culturable microbes that belong to the same OTUs as the core OTUs of Tables 13 and 14. Using the same methods as in Example 3 and other techniques known in the art, bacterial and fungal endophytes were cultured were from a variety of plant parts and a variety of plants. To accurately characterize the isolated microbial endophytes, colonies were submitted for marker gene sequencing, and the sequences were analyzed to provide taxonomic classifications. Among the cultured microbes, those with at least 97% 16S or ITS sequence similarity to certain microbes of Tables 13 and 14 were identified. Those microbes are listed in Tables 35A and 35B.

TABLE 35A Cultured bacterial isolates belonging to the same OTUs as certain bacteria of Table 13. SEQ ID NO Cultured of cultured SEQ ID NO of Old OTU of bacterial bacterial core bacterial core bacterial New OTU of core isolate isolate taxa taxa bacterial taxa SYM00003 3588 20 58 B0.9|GG99|238752 SYM00009 3589 20 58 B0.9|GG99|238752 SYM00013 3590 33 7 B0.9|GG99|4327501 SYM00017A 3591 803 54 B0.9|GG99|5409 SYM00018 3592 31 3489 B0.9|GG97|2582263 SYM00020 3593 32 1255 B0.9|GG97|2582263 SYM00033 3596 1953 2912 B0.9|GG97|253061 SYM00050 3600 26, 28, 24, 25, OTU_3592, B0.9|GG97|816702, 1939, 1548 OTU_1384, B0.9|GG99|218527, OTU_3629, B0.9|GG97|639627, OTU_2970, B0.9|GG97|253061, OTU_3153, B0.9|GG97|4374146, OTU_115 B0.9|GG99|625742 SYM00053 3601 25, 27, 28, 29, 2970, X, 1384, 32, 1953 X, X, 2912 SYM00062C 3603 15 62 B0.9|GG99|685917 SYM00065 3604 11, 891, 892, 23, 3209, 3351, B0.9|GG99|2929397, 895 568 B0.9|GG99|4450360, B0.9|GG97|158370, B0.9|GG99|2185530 SYM00068 3606 33 7 B0.9|GG99|4327501 SYM00070 3607 30 2 B0.9|GG99|9943 SYM00103 3609 20 58 B0.9|GG99|238752 SYM00170 3619 1023 10 B0.9|GG99|1082594 SYM00183 3620 37 83 B0.9|GG99|4102407 SYM00184 3621 37 83 B0.9|GG99|4102407 SYM00207 3622 12 131 B0.9|GG99|4298641 SYM00212 3623 18 38 B0.9|GG99|29974 SYM00219 3624 18, 981, 988 38, 3473, 106 B0.9|GG99|29974, B0.9|GG99|156425, B0.9|GG99|277294 SYM00234 3625 1023 10 B0.9|GG99|1082594 SYM00236 3626 9 69 B0.9|GG99|175931 SYM00248 3627 30 2 B0.9|GG99|9943 SYM00249 3628 12, 1047 131, 212 B0.9|GG99|4298641, B0.9|GG99|14492 SYM00507 3630 12, 1047 131, 212 B0.9|GG99|4298641, B0.9|GG99|14492 SYM00508 3631 25 2970 B0.9|GG97|253061 SYM00525 3632 3 28 B0.9|GG99|813062 SYM00538A 3633 891, 892 3209, 3351 B0.9|GG99|4450360, B0.9|GG97|158370 SYM00538B 3634 1023 10 B0.9|GG99|1082594 SYM00538i 3635 22 60 B0.9|GG99|105406 SYM00543 3636 14 59 B0.9|GG99|144390 SYM00563 3639 988 106 B0.9|GG99|277294 SYM00617 3645 988 106 B0.9|GG99|277294 SYM00620 3646 26, 28, 24, 25, OTU_3592, B0.9|GG97|816702, 1939, 1548 OTU_1384, B0.9|GG99|218527, B0.9| OTU_3629, GG97|639627, OTU_2970, B0.9|GG97|253061, OTU_3153, B0.9|GG97|4374146, OTU_115 B0.9|GG99|625742 SYM00627 3648 27 35 B0.9|GG99|370327 SYM00628 3649 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 1953 SYM00650 3652 33 7 B0.9|GG99|4327501 SYM00714 3656 803 54 B0.9|GG99|5409 SYM00905 3663 37 83 B0.9|GG99|4102407 SYM00924 3664 9 69 B0.9|GG99|175931 SYM00963 3665 29 319 B0.9|GG99|295383 SYM00978 3668 29, 30, 31, 32, 1953 SYM00982 3666 22 60 B0.9|GG99|105406 SYM00987 3667 29 319 B0.9|GG99|295383 SYM00991 3669 1139, 1164 81, 64 B0.9|GG99|988067, B0.9|GG99|4426695 SYM00999 3670 9 69 B0.9|GG99|175931 SYM01049 3671 25, 27, 28, 30, 1953

TABLE 35B Cultured fungal isolates belonging to the same OTUs as certain fungi of Table 14. SEQ ID NO of SEQ ID core fungal Old OTU of core NEW OTU of core fungal Strain NO. taxa fungal taxa taxa SYM00034 3597 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00061A 3602 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00066 3605 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00120 3610 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM00122 3611 2701 45  F0.9|U97|025461 SYM00123 3612 2701 45  F0.9|U97|025461 SYM00124 3613 2968 8 F0.9|UDYN|220700 SYM00129 3614 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM00135 3615 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM00136 3616 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM00151 3617 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM00154 3618 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM00566B 3640 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00577 3642 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00590 3643 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00603 3644 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00622 3647 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00629 3650 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00663 3654 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM00696 3655 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM00741a 3657 2741 10  F0.9|UDYN|186595 SYM00741b 3658 2733, 2751, 5, 883, 974 F0.9|UDYN|212600; 2799 F0.9|SF0|A8L3R1114:18309: 4041; SYM00793 3659 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM00795 3660 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM00854 3661 2741 10  F0.9|UDYN|186595 SYM00880 3662 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM01300 3672 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM01303 3673 2968 8 F0.9|UDYN|220700 SYM01310 3674 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM01311 3675 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM01314 3676 2965 7 F0.9|UDYN|210204 SYM01315 3677 2733, 2751, 5, 883, 974 F0.9|UDYN|212600; 2799 F0.9|SF0|A8L3R1114:18309: 4041; SYM01325 3678 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM01326 3679 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM01327 3680 2733, 2751, 5, 883, 974 F0.9|UDYN|212600; 2799 F0.9|SF0|A8L3R1114:18309: 4041; SYM01328 3681 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM01333 3682 2737 4 F0.9|SF97|43 SYM15811 3683 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM15820 3684 2980 50  F0.9|UDYN|177637 SYM15821 3685 2980 50  F0.9|UDYN|177637 SYM15825 3686 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15828 3687 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15831 3688 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM15837 3689 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15839 3690 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15847 3691 2698 1 F0.9|UDYN|424875 SYM15870 3692 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15872 3693 2966, 2983 3, 351 F0.9|UDYN|215392; F0.9|U97|020374 SYM15890 3694 2733, 2751, 5, 883, 974 F0.9|UDYN|212600; 2799 F0.9|SF0|A8L3R1114:18309: 4041; SYM15901 3695 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15920 3696 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15926 3697 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM15928 3698 2699 2 F0.9|UDYN|206476 SYM15932 3699 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468 SYM15939 3700 2966, 2983, 3, 351, 728, 766 F0.9|UDYN|215392; 2987, 3002 F0.9|U97|020374; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2113:21340: 17509; F0.9|SF0|A8L3R2102:11106: 24468

Characterization of Culturable Microbes: Auxin, Acetoin and Siderophore Production

The culturable microbes belonging to the same OTUs as certain microbes of Tables 13 or Table 14 were then seeded onto 96 well plants and tested for auxin, acetoin and siderophore production, using the methods described in Example 4. The results are presented in Tables 36A and 36B.

TABLE 36A Auxin, siderophore, and acetoin production by culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs Secretes Produces Produces Strain SEQ ID NO. siderophores Auxin/Indoles Acetoin SYM00003 3588 2 1 0 SYM00009 3589 1 1 0 SYM00013 3590 0 1 0 SYM00017A 3591 1 3 0 SYM00018 3592 0 3 2 SYM00020 3593 0 2 2 SYM00021b 3594 0 2 3 SYM00025 3595 1 3 2 SYM00043 3598 1 3 2 SYM00044 3599 1 1 3 SYM00050 3600 1 2 3 SYM00053 3601 1 1 2 SYM00062C 3603 1 2 1 SYM00068 3606 2 2 0 SYM00070 3607 2 2 0 SYM00074 3608 2 3 0 SYM00103 3609 2 2 2 SYM00183 3620 0 2 1 SYM00184 3621 0 2 0 SYM00207 3622 1 2 2 SYM00212 3623 2 2 3 SYM00219 3624 3 2 3 SYM00234 3625 2 2 2 SYM00236 3626 0 2 0 SYM00248 3627 1 2 0 SYM00249 3628 2 2 2 SYM00506c 3629 0 2 2 SYM00507 3630 1 2 2 SYM00508 3631 0 3 2 SYM00525 3632 2 2 3 SYM00538A 3633 3 2 3 SYM00538B 3634 2 2 2 SYM00538i 3635 0 1 0 SYM00543 3636 0 3 1 SYM00545 3637 2 2 2 SYM00549 3638 2 2 2 SYM00563 3639 2 2 1 SYM00574 3641 3 1 0 SYM00617 3645 1 3 1 SYM00620 3646 1 3 0 SYM00627 3648 0 1 3 SYM00628 3649 2 2 3 SYM00646 3651 3 2 3 SYM00650 3652 2 2 0 SYM00662 3653 1 1 1 SYM00714 3656 1 2 2 SYM00905 3663 3 2 2 SYM00924 3664 2 2 2 SYM00963 3665 2 2 1 SYM00978 3668 2 2 1 SYM00982 3666 0 2 3 SYM00987 3667 1 3 2 SYM00991 3669 1 2 2 SYM00999 3670 1 1 3 SYM01049 3671 1 1 0

In total, a very large proportion of the bacteria strains, 44 out of 55 strains (80% of total) tested, were able to utilize Tryptophan supplemented in the medium and showed a detectable level of pink or red color development (the diagnostic feature of the assay suggesting auxin or indolic compound production). These include 8 Bacillus spp., 5 Paenibacillus spp., 6 Pantoea spp., and 5 Enterobacter spp. 10 strains (18% of total) had particularly strong production of auxin or indole compounds. As for acetoin production, 32 out of 21 strains (58% of total) tested showed a detectable level of pink or red color (a proxy of acetoin production). These include 6 Enterobacter spp., 5 Paenibacillus spp., and 4 Bacillus spp. Particularly, 12 of these 32 strains had strong production of acetoin. 23 out of 55 strains (42% of total) tested showed a detectable level of siderophore accumulation. These include 4 Bacillus spp., 4 Paenibacillus spp., 4 Enterobacter spp., and 3 Pseudomonas spp. Among these 23 strains, 5 strains showed very strong accumulation of siderophore.

TABLE 36B Auxin, siderophore, and acetoin production by culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs Secretes Produces Produces Strain SEQ ID NO. siderophores Auxin/Indoles Acetoin SYM00034 3597 1 0 0 SYM00061A 3602 1 0 2 SYM00066 3605 1 0 0 SYM00120 3610 1 0 0 SYM00122 3611 0 0 0 SYM00123 3612 1 0 3 SYM00124 3613 1 1 0 SYM00129 3614 0 1 0 SYM00135 3615 0 1 0 SYM00136 3616 0 0 1 SYM00151 3617 1 1 0 SYM00154 3618 0 0 0 SYM00566B 3640 3 0 0 SYM00577 3642 0 0 1 SYM00590 3643 0 1 2 SYM00603 3644 2 1 0 SYM00622 3647 1 0 2 SYM00629 3650 0 1 2 SYM00663 3654 2 1 2 SYM00696 3655 2 0 0 SYM00741b 3658 0 0 0 SYM00793 3659 1 0 0 SYM00795 3660 1 0 1 SYM00854 3661 2 0 2 SYM00880 3662 2 1 2 SYM01300 3672 2 1 0 SYM01303 3673 — — — SYM01310 3674 0 2 0 SYM01311 3675 0 0 0 SYM01314 3676 2 1 0 SYM01315 3677 0 0 0 SYM01325 3678 0 0 2 SYM01326 3679 0 0 2 SYM01327 3680 2 1 2 SYM01328 3681 1 0 0 SYM01333 3682 0 0 0 SYM15811 3683 3 1 0 SYM15820 3684 1 0 0 SYM15821 3685 1 0 0 SYM15825 3686 0 0 2 SYM15828 3687 0 0 2 SYM15831 3688 2 1 2 SYM15837 3689 1 0 0 SYM15839 3690 2 0 0 SYM15847 3691 0 0 0 SYM15870 3692 0 0 0 SYM15872 3693 0 0 1 SYM15890 3694 0 0 2 SYM15901 3695 0 0 2 SYM15920 3696 2 0 2 SYM15926 3697 1 2 0 SYM15928 3698 0 0 0 SYM15932 3699 0 0 0 SYM15939 3700 0 1 0

In total, most fungi were not able to utilize L-Tryptophan supplemented in the medium. 17 out of 51 strains tested (31% of total) showed a detectable level of pink or red color development (the diagnostic feature of the assay suggesting auxin or indolic compound production). These include 5 Acremonium spp., 4 Alternaria spp., and 3 Fusariam spp. Only 2 strains (4% of total) had particularly strong production of auxin or indole compounds. As for acetoin production, 17 out of 54 strains (31% of total) tested showed a detectable level of pink or red color (a proxy of acetoin production). These include 5 Fusarium spp., 4 Alternaria spp., and 4 Acremonim spp. Particularly, only 1 of these 17 strains had strong production of acetoin. 13 out of 21 strains (24% of total) tested showed a detectable level of siderophore accumulation. These include 4 Alternaria spp., 4 Acremonium spp., and 3 Fusarium spp. Among these 13 strains, 2 strains showed very strong accumulation of siderophore.

Characterization of Culturable Microbes: Substrate Use

The BIOLOG protocol was conducted in the same manner as described previously.

The ability of a strain to utilize a specific carbon substrate in the BIOLOG PM1 or PM2A MicroPlates could be determined by colorimetric assay and increased turbidity due to cell growth in that particular well (Tables 36C, 36D, 36E and 36F).

TABLE 36CI Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM103 SYM1049 SYM13 SYM17A SYM18 SYM183 SYM184 SYM20 SYM207 SYM212 SYM219 SYM234 SYM236 SYM248 SYM249 SYM260 D-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO D-Glucose-6-Phosphate NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO L-Asparagine NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES L-glutamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Glycyl-L-Aspartic acid NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycyl-L-Glutamic acid YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Glycyl-L-Proline NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arabinose NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Sorbitol NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactonic acid-?- NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Tartaric acid NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Citric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES Tricarballylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO p-Hydroxy Phenyl acetic NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Glycerol NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES D-L-Malic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES D-Glucosaminic acid NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucose-1-Phosphate NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO m-Inositol NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES L-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES m-Hydroxy Phenyl Acetic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid D-Saccharic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Fucose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribose NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO 1,2-Propanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES D-Fructose-6-Phosphate NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Tyramine NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Succinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucuronic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Tween 20 NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Tween 40 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Tween 80 YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Fumaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Alanine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Psicose NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO D-Gluconic acid YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Rhamnose NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO a-Keto-Glutaric acid YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES a-Hydroxy Glutaric acid- NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES ?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Alanyl-Glycine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES L-Lyxose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Aspartic acid YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES YES D-L-a-Glycerol phosphate NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES D-Fructose NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO a-Keto-Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Propionic acid NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES D-Xylose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES Acetic acid NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES a-Methyl-D-Galactoside NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO β-Methyl-D-glucoside NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Mucic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES N-acetyl-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Mannosamine Pyruvic acid NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES D-Alanine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO L-Lactic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES a-D-Glucose NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO a-D-Lactose NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO Adonitol NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Glycolic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Mono Methyl Succinate NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Galactonic-acid-?- YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES lactone D-Trehalose YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Formic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES Maltose NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Lactulose NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO Maltotriose NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Glyoxylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Methyl Pyruvate NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES D-Galacturonic acid YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES D-Mannose NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO D-Mannitol NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES D-Melibiose NO NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO Sucrose NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO 2-Deoxy adenosine NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES D-Cellobiose NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES D-Malic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO L-Glutamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Thymidine NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES YES Uridine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES YES Adenosine YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO YES Inosine NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Malic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES 2-Aminoethanol YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES

TABLE 36Cii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM290 SYM292 SYM3 SYM43 SYM50 SYM5066 SYM508 SYM525 SYM53 SYM538 SYM538 SYM538i SYM543 SYM563 SYM574 SYM57B SYM617 D-Serine NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Glucose-6- NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Phosphate L-Asparagine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO L-glutamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycyl-L-Aspartic NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Arabinose YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO D-Sorbitol NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactonic acid-?- NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Tartaric acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citric acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO Tricarballylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO p-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO Glucosamine Glycerol YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO D-L-Malic acid YES YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES D-Glucosaminic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucose-1- NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO m-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid NO YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Fucose YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO D-Ribose YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 1,2-Propanediol YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Threonine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Tyramine NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Succinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucuronic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tween 20 YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO Tween 40 YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Tween 80 YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Fumaric acid YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Alanine YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO D-Psicose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Gluconic acid YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO L-Rhamnose YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES a-Keto-Glutaric acid NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO L-Alanyl-Glycine YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Lyxose NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Aspartic acid NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO D-L-a-Glycerol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO phosphate D-Fructose YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO a-Keto-Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Butyric YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO acid Propionic acid YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Acetoacetic acid YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Glucuronamide YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO D-Xylose YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO Acetic acid YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO a-Methyl-D- YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Galactoside β-Methyl-D-glucoside YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO Mucic acid NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO N-acetyl-β-D- YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES Mannosamine Pyruvic acid YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO D-Alanine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Lactic acid NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO a-D-Glucose YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO YES YES a-D-Lactose YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Adonitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycolic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Mono Methyl YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO Succinate L-Galactonic-acid-?- YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO lactone D-Trehalose YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Formic acid NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES NO Maltose YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES Lactulose YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltotriose YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES Glyoxylic acid NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Methyl Pyruvate YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO D-Galacturonic acid NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO D-Mannose NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Mannitol YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO D-Melibiose YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Sucrose YES YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO 2-Deoxy adenosine NO YES NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO D-Cellobiose YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES D-Malic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Glutamic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Thymidine YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO Uridine YES YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO Adenosine YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO Inosine NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Malic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO 2-Aminoethanol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO

TABLE 36Ciii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM620 SYM627 SYM628 SYM62C SYM650 SYM68 SYM70 SYM714 SYM9 SYM905 SYM924 SYM963 SYM978 SYM982 SYM987 SYM991 SYM999 D-Serine NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO D-Glucose-6- YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Phosphate L-Asparagine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-glutamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycyl-L-Aspartic NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arabinose NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES D-Sorbitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactonic acid- NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ?-lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citric acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tricarballylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO p-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Glucosamine Glycerol NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-L-Malic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Glucosaminic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid D-Glucose-1- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Hydroxy Phenyl YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES L-Fucose NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO D-Ribose NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1,2-Propanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fructose-6- YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tyramine NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucuronic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tween 20 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tween 40 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tween 80 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Fumaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alanine YES NO YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Psicose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Gluconic acid YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Rhamnose YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Keto-Glutaric acid NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alanyl-Glycine NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lyxose NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-L-a-Glycerol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO phosphate D-Fructose NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Keto-Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Propionic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Xylose NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Galactoside β-Methyl-D- NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucoside Mucic acid NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO YES N-acetyl-β-D- NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Mannosamine Pyruvic acid NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Alanine NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lactic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO a-D-Glucose NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO a-D-Lactose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Adonitol NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycolic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mono Methyl NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Succinate L-Galactonic-acid-?- YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO lactone D-Trehalose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Formic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltose NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Lactulose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Maltotriose NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Glyoxylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Methyl Pyruvate NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES D-Galacturonic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Mannose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Mannitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Melibiose NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sucrose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO 2-Deoxy adenosine YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Cellobiose NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Malic acid NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO L-Glutamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Thymidine NO YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Uridine NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Adenosine YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Inosine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Malic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Aminoethanol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

TABLE 36Di Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM103 SYM1049 SYM13 SYM17A SYM18 SYM183 SYM184 SYM20 SYM207 SYM212 SYM219 SYM234 SYM236 SYM248 SYM249 N-acetyl-D-Galactosamine NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gentiobiose NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES D-Raffinose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid methyl ester NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Ornithine YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO Chondrointin sulfate C NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N-acetyl-neuraminic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Salicin NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES L-Phenylalanine NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO β-D-allose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic acid YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO L-Pyroglutamic acid YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES Amygdalin NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES D-Melezitose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES L-Sorbose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Valine YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO NO γ-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO D-arabinose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES Stachyose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO D-Glucosamine YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES Oxalomalic acid YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES YES Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES D,L-Carnitine YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES Dextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO D-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D-Glucoside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Quinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Histidine NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Gelatin NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES L-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Galactoside NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Turanose NO YES NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO Glycogen NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Arbutin NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO β-Hydroxy butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sebacic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Hydroxy-L-Proline NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES Putrescine YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Inulin NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Glucuronic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-Hydroxy butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO Dihydroxy acetone NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Laminarin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D-Mannoside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-amino butyric acid YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES a-Keto-valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinamic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO L-Leucine YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO 2,3-Butanediol NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO 3-0-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO arabinose Palatinose NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Tartaric acid YES NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

TABLE 36Dii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM260 SYM290 SYM292 SYM3 SYM43 SYM50 SYM5066 SYM508 SYM525 SYM53 SYM538A SYM538B SYM538i SYM543 SYM563 SYM574 N-acetyl-D-Galactosamine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Gentiobiose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO D-Raffinose YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid methyl ester NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Ornithine YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Chondrointin sulfate C YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N-acetyl-neuraminic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin YES YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO Caproic acid YES NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Malonic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO YES L-Phenylalanine YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES a-Cyclodextrin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO β-D-allose NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Melibionic acid YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic acid YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO L-Pyroglutamic acid YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES YES NO YES β-Cyclodextrin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO Amygdalin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO D-Melezitose NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Sorbose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citramalic acid YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES L-Valine YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-Cyclodextrin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO D-arabinose NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Maltitol NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Stachyose YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Glucosamine YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Oxalomalic acid YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Carnitine NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Dextrin YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO D-arabitol NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D-Glucoside NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Tagatose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Quinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Histidine YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO L-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Galactoside NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Turanose NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES D,L-Octopamine NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycogen YES YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Arbutin NO YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES β-Hydroxy butyric acid YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Sebacic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Hydroxy-L-Proline YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES Putrescine YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Inulin YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Glucuronic NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-Hydroxy butyric acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine YES NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dihydroxy acetone NO NO YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES Laminarin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES i-Erythritol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D-Mannoside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-amino butyric acid YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES a-Keto-valeric acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Leucine NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanediol YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Itaconic acid YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Lysine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 3-0-β-D-Galactopyranosyl- NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-arabinose Palatinose NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Butyric acid YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

TABLE 36Diii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates by culturable bacteria belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM57B SYM617 SYM620 SYM627 SYM628 SYM62C SYM650 SYM68 SYM70 SYM714 N-acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES Galactosamine Gentiobiose NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES D-Raffinose NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid methyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Ornithine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO Chondrointin sulfate NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO C N-acetyl-neuraminic NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Phenylalanine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO a-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-D-allose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Lactitol NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Melibionic acid NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO YES N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO acid L-Pyroglutamic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Amygdalin NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Melezitose NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Sorbose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Valine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES γ-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-arabinose NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES Maltitol NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES Stachyose NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Glucosamine YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Oxalomalic acid YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Carnitine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Dextrin NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES Glucoside D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Quinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Histidine YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES Galactoside Turanose NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES 4-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid D-Ribono-1,4- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Lactone L-Homoserine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO Glycogen NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Arbutin NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES β-Hydroxy butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Sebacic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Hydroxy-L-Proline NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Putrescine NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO Inulin YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Dihydroxy acetone YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO Laminarin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannoside γ-amino butyric acid YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES a-Keto-valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Leucine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES 2,3-Butanediol NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES d-amino valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Galactopyranosyl-D- arabinose Palatinose NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Butanone Strain/Substrate SYM9 SYM905 SYM924 SYM963 SYM978 SYM982 SYM987 SYM991 SYM999 N-acetyl-D- NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Galactosamine Gentiobiose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Raffinose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid methyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Ornithine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Chondrointin sulfate NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO C N-acetyl-neuraminic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Phenylalanine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO β-D-allose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO acid L-Pyroglutamic acid YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Amygdalin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Melezitose NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO L-Sorbose NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Valine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-arabinose NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Stachyose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucosamine YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Oxalomalic acid YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Carnitine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Glucoside D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Quinic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Histidine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO L-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO Galactoside Turanose NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO 4-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid D-Ribono-1,4- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactone L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine YES YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO Glycogen NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Arbutin NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Hydroxy butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Sebacic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Hydroxy-L-Proline NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES Putrescine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Inulin NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy butyric NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dihydroxy acetone NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO Laminarin NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannoside γ-amino butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Keto-valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinamic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Leucine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Galactopyranosyl-D- arabinose Palatinose NO YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-Tartaric acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Butanone

TABLE 36Ei Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates by culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM120 SYM122 SYM123 SYM124 SYM129 SYM1300 SYM1310 SYM1311 SYM1314 D-Serine NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO D-Glucose-6- NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES Phosphate L-Asparagine NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES L-glutamine NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES Glycyl-L-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO Glycyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES L-Arabinose YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES D-Sorbitol NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Galactonic acid-?- NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO m-Tartaric acid NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES Citric acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES Tricarballylic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES p-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Glucosamine Glycerol YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO D-L-Malic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES D-Glucosaminic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES D-Glucose-1- NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES Phosphate m-Inositol NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES L-Serine NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES m-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES L-Fucose NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES D-Ribose NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO 1,2-Propanediol NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO L-Threonine NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO Tyramine YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES Succinic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO D-Glucuronic acid NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Tween 20 NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES Tween 40 NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Tween 80 NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES Fumaric acid NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES L-Alanine NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES D-Psicose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES D-Gluconic acid NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES L-Rhamnose NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES a-Keto-Glutaric acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES L-Alanyl-Glycine NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES L-Lyxose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO L-Aspartic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES D-L-a-Glycerol NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO YES phosphate D-Fructose NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES a-Keto-Butyric acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO a-Hydroxy Butyric NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO acid Propionic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES D-Xylose YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES Acetic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO Galactoside β-Methyl-D-glucoside NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Mucic acid NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES N-acetyl-β-D- NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO Mannosamine Pyruvic acid NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Alanine NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES L-Lactic acid NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES a-D-Glucose NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES a-D-Lactose NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Adonitol NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES Glycolic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO Mono Methyl NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES Succinate L-Galactonic-acid-?- NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES lactone D-Trehalose NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES Formic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Maltose YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Lactulose YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO Maltotriose NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Glyoxylic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO Methyl Pyruvate NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO D-Galacturonic acid NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Mannose NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Mannitol NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Melibiose NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO Sucrose NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES 2-Deoxy adenosine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Cellobiose NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES D-Malic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO L-Glutamic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Thymidine NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Uridine NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Adenosine NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES Inosine NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES L-Malic acid YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES 2-Aminoethanol NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Strain/Substrate SYM1315 SYM1325 SYM1326 SYM1327 SYM1328 SYM1333 SYM135 SYM136 D-Serine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucose-6- NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO Phosphate L-Asparagine NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO L-glutamine NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Glycyl-L-Aspartic acid YES NO YES n/a NO NO NO NO Glycyl-L-Glutamic YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO L-Arabinose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Sorbitol YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Galactonic acid-?- NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Tartaric acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citric acid YES NO YES n/a NO YES NO NO Tricarballylic acid NO YES NO YES YES NO YES NO p-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Glucosamine Glycerol YES YES NO YES YES YES NO NO D-L-Malic acid YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO D-Glucosaminic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO D-Glucose-1- NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol YES YES YES n/a NO YES NO NO L-Serine NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO m-Hydroxy Phenyl YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Fucose YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Ribose YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO 1,2-Propanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO NO n/a YES NO NO NO L-Threonine NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO Tyramine YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO Succinic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO D-Glucuronic acid YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO Tween 20 YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES Tween 40 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Tween 80 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Fumaric acid YES YES YES n/a YES YES NO NO L-Alanine YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO D-Psicose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Galactose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Gluconic acid NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES L-Rhamnose YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO a-Keto-Glutaric acid NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO YES YES n/a NO NO NO NO L-Alanyl-Glycine NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO L-Lyxose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Aspartic acid YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO D-L-a-Glycerol YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO phosphate D-Fructose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO a-Keto-Butyric acid YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Propionic acid NO NO NO n/a NO NO NO NO Acetoacetic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO D-Xylose NO YES NO YES NO YES YES NO Acetic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Galactoside β-Methyl-D-glucoside NO YES YES NO YES NO YES YES Mucic acid YES NO YES n/a YES YES NO NO N-acetyl-β-D- YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Mannosamine Pyruvic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO D-Alanine NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Lactic acid YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO a-D-Glucose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES a-D-Lactose NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO Adonitol YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO Glycolic acid NO NO NO n/a NO NO NO NO Mono Methyl NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Succinate L-Galactonic-acid-?- NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO lactone D-Trehalose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Formic acid YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Maltose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Lactulose YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO Maltotriose YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Glyoxylic acid NO NO NO n/a NO NO NO NO Methyl Pyruvate NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO D-Galacturonic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO D-Mannose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Mannitol YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES D-Melibiose NO YES NO YES YES NO YES YES Sucrose NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES 2-Deoxy adenosine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Cellobiose NO YES YES n/a YES NO YES NO D-Malic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO L-Glutamic acid YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Thymidine NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO Uridine NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES Adenosine YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Inosine YES NO YES n/a NO YES NO NO L-Malic acid YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO 2-Aminoethanol NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO

TABLE 36Eii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates by culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs. Strain/Substrate SYM151 SYM154 SYM15811 SYM15820 SYM15825 SYM15828 SYM15831 SYM15837 D-Serine NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Glucose-6- YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate L-Asparagine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES L-glutamine YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES Glycyl-L-Aspartic NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Glutamic NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES acid Glycyl-L-Proline YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO L-Arabinose YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Sorbitol YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Galactonic acid- NO YES YES YES NO NO NO YES ?-lactone D-Aspartic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES m-Tartaric acid YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO Citric acid YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Tricarballylic acid YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES p-Hydroxy Phenyl YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO Glucosamine Glycerol YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO D-L-Malic acid NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES D-Glucosaminic NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO acid D-Glucose-1- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES L-Serine NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES m-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES L-Fucose NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO D-Ribose YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES 1,2-Propanediol NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES L-Threonine NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES Tyramine YES YES NO NO YES YES NO YES Succinic acid YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES D-Glucuronic acid NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO Tween 20 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Tween 40 YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Tween 80 YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES Fumaric acid NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO L-Alanine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO D-Psicose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Gluconic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES L-Rhamnose YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES a-Keto-Glutaric NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO acid a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO L-Alanyl-Glycine YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES L-Lyxose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Aspartic acid YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES D-L-a-Glycerol NO YES YES YES NO YES NO YES phosphate D-Fructose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES a-Keto-Butyric acid NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Butyric NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO acid Propionic acid NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES L-Proline YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Xylose YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES Acetic acid YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES a-Methyl-D- YES NO NO NO YES YES YES YES Galactoside β-Methyl-D- YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES glucoside Mucic acid YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES N-acetyl-β-D- NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES Mannosamine Pyruvic acid YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO D-Alanine YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES L-Lactic acid YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO a-D-Glucose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES a-D-Lactose YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES Adonitol YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES Glycolic acid NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO Mono Methyl YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO Succinate L-Galactonic-acid- YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES ?-lactone D-Trehalose YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES Formic acid YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Maltose YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES Lactulose YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES Maltotriose YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES Glyoxylic acid NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO Methyl Pyruvate YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Galacturonic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Mannose YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Mannitol YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Melibiose YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES Sucrose YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES 2-Deoxy adenosine YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Cellobiose YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES D-Malic acid YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES L-Glutamic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Thymidine NO YES NO NO YES NO YES NO Uridine YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Adenosine NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Inosine YES NO YES YES NO YES YES YES L-Malic acid YES YES NO YES NO YES YES NO 2-Aminoethanol YES YES NO YES YES YES NO YES Strain/Substrate SYM15839 SYM15847 SYM15872 SYM15890 SYM15901 SYM15920 SYM15926 SYM15928 D-Serine YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO D-Glucose-6- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate L-Asparagine NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES L-glutamine YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO Glycyl-L-Aspartic NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Glutamic NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO YES YES NO YES YES NO YES L-Arabinose YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Sorbitol YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Galactonic acid- YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO ?-lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES m-Tartaric acid YES NO YES NO YES YES NO NO Citric acid NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO Tricarballylic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO p-Hydroxy Phenyl YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Glucosamine Glycerol YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-L-Malic acid YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO D-Glucosaminic NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO acid D-Glucose-1- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO L-Serine NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO m-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES L-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES 1,2-Propanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Threonine NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO Tyramine YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO Succinic acid NO NO NO YES YES YES NO NO D-Glucuronic acid NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Tween 20 YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Tween 40 YES NO YES YES YES YES NO YES Tween 80 YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES Fumaric acid NO NO YES NO YES YES NO YES L-Alanine NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO D-Psicose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO D-Gluconic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES L-Rhamnose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO a-Keto-Glutaric NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO acid a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO L-Alanyl-Glycine YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES L-Lyxose NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO L-Aspartic acid NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-L-a-Glycerol YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO phosphate D-Fructose YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO a-Keto-Butyric acid NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Propionic acid YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES D-Xylose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES Acetic acid YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO a-Methyl-D- YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO Galactoside β-Methyl-D- YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES glucoside Mucic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO N-acetyl-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannosamine Pyruvic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Alanine NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO L-Lactic acid YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES a-D-Glucose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES a-D-Lactose NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO Adonitol NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO Glycolic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mono Methyl NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Succinate L-Galactonic-acid- YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES ?-lactone D-Trehalose YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES Formic acid NO NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Maltose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Lactulose NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO Maltotriose YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Glyoxylic acid NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO Methyl Pyruvate YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Galacturonic acid YES YES YES NO YES YES YES NO D-Mannose YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Mannitol YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES D-Melibiose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES Sucrose YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES 2-Deoxy adenosine YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO D-Cellobiose YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES D-Malic acid YES NO YES NO YES YES NO NO Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES L-Glutamic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO Thymidine NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO Uridine NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO Adenosine NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO Inosine NO NO NO YES YES YES YES NO L-Malic acid NO YES YES NO YES YES NO YES 2-Aminoethanol NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES

TABLE 36Eiii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM1 MicroPlates by culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs. Substrate Strain SYM15932 SYM160 SYM34 SYM566B SYM577 SYM590 SYM603 SYM61A SYM622 D-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Glucose-6- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate L-Asparagine NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES L-glutamine NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Glycyl-L-Aspartic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO Glycyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO YES NO YES YES NO YES YES NO L-Arabinose YES NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Sorbitol NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Galactonic acid-?- NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO YES lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO m-Tartaric acid NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO Citric acid NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES Tricarballylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO p-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Glucosamine Glycerol NO NO YES YES NO NO YES YES NO D-L-Malic acid NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES D-Glucosaminic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO D-Glucose-1- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES L-Serine NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES m-Hydroxy Phenyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES L-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribose NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES 1,2-Propanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Threonine NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Tyramine YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES Succinic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES D-Glucuronic acid YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Tween 20 NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO Tween 40 NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Tween 80 NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Fumaric acid NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES L-Alanine NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Psicose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Galactose NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES YES D-Gluconic acid NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES L-Rhamnose NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO a-Keto-Glutaric acid NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO L-Alanyl-Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES L-Lyxose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Aspartic acid NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES YES D-L-a-Glycerol NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO YES phosphate D-Fructose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES a-Keto-Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO a-Hydroxy Butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Propionic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES YES D-Xylose NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES Acetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D- YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Galactoside β-Methyl-D-glucoside YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO Mucic acid NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES N-acetyl-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Mannosamine Pyruvic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO D-Alanine NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES L-Lactic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES a-D-Glucose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES a-D-Lactose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Adonitol NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Glycolic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mono Methyl YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Succinate L-Galactonic-acid-?- NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO lactone D-Trehalose YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Formic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO Lactulose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Maltotriose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES NO Glyoxylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Methyl Pyruvate NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-Galacturonic acid NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES D-Mannose YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES D-Mannitol YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO D-Melibiose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Sucrose YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES 2-Deoxy adenosine NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO D-Cellobiose YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES YES D-Malic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol NO NO YES YES YES YES NO YES NO L-Glutamic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES Thymidine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Uridine NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Adenosine NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES Inosine NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES L-Malic acid NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES 2-Aminoethanol NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Substrate Strain SYM629 SYM66 SYM663 SYM696 SYM741A SYM741B SYM854 SYM880 D-Serine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Glucose-6- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate L-Asparagine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES L-glutamine YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO Glycyl-L-Aspartic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycyl-L-Glutamic NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO acid Glycyl-L-Proline NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Arabinose NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO D-Sorbitol YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO D-Galactonic acid-?- NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO lactone D-Aspartic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO m-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citric acid YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO Tricarballylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO p-Hydroxy Phenyl NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO acetic acid N-Acetyl-D- YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO Glucosamine Glycerol YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO D-L-Malic acid YES NO YES NO NO YES YES YES D-Glucosaminic acid NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO D-Glucose-1- NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate m-Inositol YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Serine NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO m-Hydroxy Phenyl NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetic acid D-Saccharic acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO L-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribose YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO 1,2-Propanediol NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fructose-6- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Phosphate D-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Threonine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Tyramine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinic acid YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO D-Glucuronic acid YES NO YES NO YES YES NO NO Tween 20 YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO Tween 40 YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO Tween 80 YES YES YES NO NO YES YES NO Fumaric acid YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO L-Alanine NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO D-Psicose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Galactose NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO D-Gluconic acid YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO L-Rhamnose NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO a-Keto-Glutaric acid YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO a-Hydroxy Glutaric NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO acid-?-lactone Bromo succinic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO L-Alanyl-Glycine YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO L-Lyxose NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO L-Aspartic acid YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO D-L-a-Glycerol YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO phosphate D-Fructose YES NO YES YES NO YES YES NO a-Keto-Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Hydroxy Butyric YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Propionic acid NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO Acetoacetic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glucuronamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Proline YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO D-Xylose YES NO NO YES NO YES YES NO Acetic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Galactoside β-Methyl-D-glucoside NO YES NO YES NO NO YES YES Mucic acid YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO N-acetyl-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannosamine Pyruvic acid NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO D-Alanine YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO L-Lactic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO a-D-Glucose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO a-D-Lactose NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO Adonitol YES NO YES NO NO YES YES NO Glycolic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mono Methyl NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO Succinate L-Galactonic-acid-?- YES NO NO YES NO YES YES NO lactone D-Trehalose YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO Formic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltose NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES Lactulose NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO Maltotriose NO YES YES YES NO NO YES YES Glyoxylic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Methyl Pyruvate YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO D-Galacturonic acid YES YES NO YES NO YES YES NO D-Mannose NO NO YES YES NO YES YES NO D-Mannitol YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO D-Melibiose NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO Sucrose YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES 2-Deoxy adenosine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Cellobiose NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES D-Malic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Phenylethyl-amine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dulcitol NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO L-Glutamic acid YES NO YES YES NO YES YES NO Thymidine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Uridine YES NO NO NO NO YES YES NO Adenosine YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Inosine YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Malic acid NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO 2-Aminoethanol YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO

TABLE 36Fi Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates by culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs. Substrate Strain SYM120 SYM122 SYM123 SYM124 SYM129 SYM1300 SYM1310 SYM1311 SYM1314 SYM1315 SYM1324 SYM1325 SYM1326 SYM1327 SYM1333 N-acetyl-D-Galactosamine NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO Gentiobiose NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO NO D-Raffinose NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES D-lactic acid methyl ester NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Acetamide NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Ornithine NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Chondrointin sulfate C NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO N-acetyl-neuraminic acid NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO L-glucose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Malonic acid NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES L-Phenylalanine YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO a-Cyclodextrin YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES β-D-allose NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO Sedoheptulosan YES YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES L-Pyroglutamic acid NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES β-Cyclodextrin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Amygdalin NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Melezitose NO YES YES NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO L-Sorbose NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citramalic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Oxalic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES L-Valine NO YES YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES YES γ-Cyclodextrin NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES D-arabinose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Stachyose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO D-Glucosamine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO Oxalomalic acid NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Glycine NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D,L-Carnitine NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES NO Dextrin NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO D-arabitol NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO YES a-Methyl-D-Glucoside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Tagatose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO Quinic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO L-Histidine NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES L-arabitol NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Galactoside NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Turanose NO YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES Glycogen YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO Arbutin NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO NO 3-Methyl Glucose YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO β-Hydroxy butyric acid NO NO YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES YES NO YES YES Sebacic acid YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Hydroxy-L-Proline NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES YES Putrescine NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO Inulin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Glucuronic acid YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminitol NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-Hydroxy butyric acid NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Sorbic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES YES Dihydroxy acetone NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Laminarin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES a-Methyl-D-Mannoside NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO γ-amino butyric acid NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES a-Keto-valeric acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Succinamic acid NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES YES YES NO L-Leucine NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES 2,3-Butanediol YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid NO YES YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Itaconic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO 3-0-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D- NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES arabinose Palatinose NO NO YES YES YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES NO NO NO Butyric acid NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO L-Tartaric acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Methionine NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO

TABLE 36Fii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates by culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs. Substrate Strain SYM135 SYM136 SYM151 SYM154 SYM15811 SYM15820 SYM15825 SYM15828 SYM15831 N-acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Galactosamine Gentiobiose NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO D-Raffinose YES YES YES YES YES NO YES NO YES Capric acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid methyl NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Ornithine YES NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES Chondrointin sulfate C NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N-acetyl-neuraminic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES Caproic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO L-Phenylalanine NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO a-Cyclodextrin YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES β-D-allose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO acid L-Pyroglutamic acid NO YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Amygdalin NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO D-Melezitose YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES L-Sorbose NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES L-Valine NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO γ-Cyclodextrin NO YES NO NO NO NO YES NO NO D-arabinose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO Stachyose YES YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES D-Glucosamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Oxalomalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycine NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO D,L-Carnitine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Dextrin YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES D-arabitol YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO a-Methyl-D-Glucoside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Quinic acid NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO L-Histidine NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES NO Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES NO L-arabitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Galactoside NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Turanose YES YES YES YES NO NO YES NO YES 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES NO Glycogen NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO YES Arbutin NO YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO β-Hydroxy butyric acid NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Sebacic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Hydroxy-L-Proline NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES Putrescine YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO Inulin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Glucuronic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy butyric acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine NO NO YES NO NO YES YES YES YES Dihydroxy acetone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Laminarin NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D-Mannoside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-amino butyric acid NO YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES a-Keto-valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Succinamic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Leucine NO NO YES YES NO NO YES NO NO 2,3-Butanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO NO YES NO NO NO YES YES YES 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Galactopyranosyl-D- arabinose Palatinose YES YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES Butyric acid NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Tartaric acid NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Substrate Strain SYM15837 SYM15839 SYM15847 SYM15872 SYM15890 SYM15901 SYM15920 SYM15926 N-acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Galactosamine Gentiobiose NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO D-Raffinose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid methyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Ornithine YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Chondrointin sulfate C NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO N-acetyl-neuraminic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Malonic acid YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO L-Phenylalanine NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO a-Cyclodextrin YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES β-D-allose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sedoheptulosan NO NO YES YES NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES acid L-Pyroglutamic acid YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Amygdalin YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO D-Melezitose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO L-Sorbose YES YES NO NO NO YES NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Arginine YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO L-Valine YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES γ-Cyclodextrin NO YES NO YES NO YES YES NO D-arabinose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO NO NO YES NO YES YES YES Stachyose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO D-Glucosamine YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalomalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycine NO NO YES YES NO YES NO NO D,L-Carnitine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Dextrin YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES D-arabitol NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO a-Methyl-D-Glucoside NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Quinic acid NO YES NO YES NO NO YES NO L-Histidine NO YES NO YES NO YES YES YES Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Gelatin YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES L-arabitol NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Galactoside YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Turanose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO Glycogen YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Arbutin YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO β-Hydroxy butyric acid NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO Sebacic acid YES NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Hydroxy-L-Proline YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES Putrescine NO YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Inulin YES NO NO NO YES NO NO NO 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Glucuronic NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO Dihydroxy acetone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Laminarin NO YES NO NO YES NO YES NO i-Erythritol YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO a-Methyl-D-Mannoside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO γ-amino butyric acid YES YES YES YES NO YES YES YES a-Keto-valeric acid YES NO NO YES YES NO NO NO Succinamic acid YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO L-Leucine YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO 2,3-Butanediol NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid NO NO YES YES NO YES NO YES Itaconic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine YES NO YES YES NO YES NO NO 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Galactopyranosyl-D- arabinose Palatinose YES YES YES YES YES YES YES NO Butyric acid YES NO NO YES NO YES YES NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO L-Tartaric acid NO NO NO YES NO YES YES NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

TABLE 36Fiii Substrate utilization as determined by BIOLOG PM2A MicroPlates by culturable fungi belonging to core OTUs. Substrate Strain SYM15928 SYM15932 SYM160 SYM34 SYM566B SYM577 SYM590 SYM603 SYM61A N-acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Galactosamine Gentiobiose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES D-Raffinose YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO D-lactic acid methyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Ornithine YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES YES Chondrointin sulfate C NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N-acetyl-neuraminic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Salicin YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES Caproic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Alaninamide NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES L-Phenylalanine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO a-Cyclodextrin YES YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES β-D-allose YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Lactitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Citraconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO acid L-Pyroglutamic acid YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES β-Cyclodextrin NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO NO Amygdalin NO YES NO YES NO YES NO NO NO D-Melezitose YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES L-Sorbose NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalic acid NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Arginine YES YES NO YES NO YES NO YES YES L-Valine NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO γ-Cyclodextrin YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES D-arabinose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Maltitol YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES Stachyose YES YES YES NO NO YES NO NO YES D-Glucosamine NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO Oxalomalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Carnitine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO Dextrin YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES D-arabitol YES NO NO YES NO YES NO NO YES a-Methyl-D-Glucoside YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Tagatose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid Quinic acid NO YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO L-Histidine NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin YES YES NO YES NO YES YES NO YES L-arabitol NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES β-Methyl-D- NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO YES Galactoside Turanose YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES 4-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES acid D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES D,L-Octopamine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES Glycogen YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES Arbutin YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO YES 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO β-Hydroxy butyric YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO acid Sebacic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Hydroxy-L-Proline NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES Putrescine YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES YES Inulin YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Glucuronic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy butyric NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES acid Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Isoleucine NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO Dihydroxy acetone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Laminarin NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES i-Erythritol YES NO NO YES NO NO YES NO NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Mannoside γ-amino butyric acid YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES a-Keto-valeric acid NO YES NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Succinamic acid NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO YES L-Leucine NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES NO 2,3-Butanediol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Mannan NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Fucose NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO YES 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin YES YES YES YES NO YES NO NO YES 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Galactopyranosyl-D- arabinose Palatinose YES YES YES YES NO YES YES NO NO Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES 5-Keto-D-Gluconic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO acid L-Tartaric acid NO YES NO NO NO YES NO NO YES L-Methionine NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Substrate Strain SYM622 SYM629 SYM66 SYM663 SYM696 SYM741A SYM741B SYM854 SYM880 N-acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Galactosamine Gentiobiose NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO D-Raffinose NO NO YES NO YES YES NO YES NO Capric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D-lactic acid methyl NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ester Acetamide NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Ornithine YES YES NO YES YES YES YES NO NO Chondrointin sulfate C NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO N-acetyl-neuraminic NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES acid L-glucose NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Salicin NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Caproic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Malonic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Alaninamide NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO YES L-Phenylalanine NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO a-Cyclodextrin YES NO YES NO NO NO YES NO YES β-D-allose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Lactitol NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES Sedoheptulosan NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES Citraconic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Melibionic acid NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO N-Acetyl-L-Glutamic YES YES NO NO YES NO YES NO YES acid L-Pyroglutamic acid YES NO NO YES NO YES YES YES YES β-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES Amygdalin NO NO NO NO NO YES NO YES YES D-Melezitose NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES L-Sorbose NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Citramalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES Oxalic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Arginine YES YES NO YES YES YES YES YES YES L-Valine YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES γ-Cyclodextrin NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES NO D-arabinose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Maltitol NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES Stachyose NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES D-Glucosamine YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Oxalomalic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Glycine NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES D,L-Carnitine YES NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO Dextrin NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES D-arabitol NO YES NO NO YES YES NO YES NO a-Methyl-D-Glucoside NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO D-Tagatose NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO 2-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO acid Quinic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES L-Histidine YES NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO Sec-Butylamine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Gelatin NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES NO L-arabitol NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Galactoside Turanose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO YES YES 4-Hydroxy benzoic NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES acid D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES YES L-Homoserine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO D,L-Octopamine YES YES NO NO NO YES YES YES NO Glycogen YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES Arbutin NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES YES 3-Methyl Glucose NO NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO Xylitol NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES β-Hydroxy butyric NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO NO acid Sebacic acid YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Hydroxy-L-Proline YES YES NO YES NO YES YES YES YES Putrescine NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES Inulin YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO β-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Glucuronic acid N-Acetyl-D- NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES glucosaminitol γ-Hydroxy butyric NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO acid Sorbic acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Isoleucine YES YES NO NO YES YES YES NO YES Dihydroxy acetone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Laminarin NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO i-Erythritol NO YES NO NO YES NO YES YES NO a-Methyl-D- NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO Mannoside γ-amino butyric acid YES YES NO NO YES YES YES YES YES a-Keto-valeric acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Succinamic acid NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES L-Leucine YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO 2,3-Butanediol NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES Mannan NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES D-Fucose NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO YES β-Methyl-D-Xyloside NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO d-amino valeric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Itaconic acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO D-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO L-Lysine NO NO NO NO YES YES NO NO YES 2,3-Butanone NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Pectin NO NO NO NO YES YES NO YES YES 3-0-β-D- NO NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES Galactopyranosyl-D- arabinose Palatinose NO NO NO YES YES YES NO YES YES Butyric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO YES NO 5-Keto-D-Gluconic NO NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO acid L-Tartaric acid NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO L-Methionine NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3-Hydroxy 2-Butanone NO NO NO YES NO NO NO NO NO

Example 9 Testing of Culturable Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes Belonging to Core OTUs on Plants

The results shown above demonstrate that culturable microbes belonging to the same OTUs as microbes core to wheat, soy, cotton, and corn (bacteria) or wheat, cotton, and corn (fungi) possess activities that could impart beneficial traits to a plant upon colonization. The aim of the experiments in this section addresses the ability of these culturable bacterial and fungal endophytes to confer beneficial traits on a host plant. Several different methods were used to ascertain this. First, plants inoculated with bacteria or fungi were tested under conditions without any stress to determine whether the microbe confers an increase in vigor. Second, endophyte-inoculated plants were tested under specific stress conditions (e.g., salt stress or drought stress) to test whether the bacteria confer an increase in tolerance to these stresses. These growth tests were performed using three different means: using growth assays on water-agar plates; using growth assays on sterile filter papers; and growth assays in seed germination (rolling) paper. Seeds were treated either with a single bacterial or fungal strain, or with a combination of two bacterial or two fungal strains.

Seeds and Seed Sterilization

Seeds from soy, corn or wheat were surface-sterilized with chlorine gas and hydrochloric acid as described in Example 5. The seeds were then coated with bacterial or fungal endophytes as described in Example 5. However, the amount of Sodium Alginate and bacterial suspension or fungal inoculum was adjusted for wheat to 15 ml/kg to account for the larger surface to volume ratio of these small seeds.

Growth & Scale-Up of Fungi for Inoculation

Fungal isolates were grown from a frozen stock on Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar and the plates were incubated at room temperature for about a week. After mycelia and spore development, four agar plugs (1 cm in diameter) were used to inoculate erlenmeyers containing 150 ml of potato dextrose broth. Liquid cultures were grown at room temperature and agitation on an orbital shaker at 115 rpm for 4 days. Then, the cultures were transferred to 50 ml sterile test tubes with conical bottoms. Mycelium mats were disrupted by pulse sonication at 75% setting and 3 pulses of 20 seconds each, using a Fisher Scientific sonicator (Model FB120) with a manual probe (CL-18). The sonicated cultures were used in the same manner as the bacterial suspensions for seed inoculation.

Water Agar Assays

Bacterial or fungal endophytes belonging to OTUs of core microbes were tested for their ability to promote plant growth under normal and salt-stressed or drought-stressed conditions by inoculating wheat and soy seeds with those endophytes and germinating them on filter paper and/or water agar

For testing the effect of the endophytes on soy under salt stress, treated soy seeds were placed on Petri dishes (15 cm in diameter) filled with 50 ml of water agar (1.3% bacto agar) for the normal condition and filled with 50 ml of water agar with 100 mM NaCl for salt stress. Three Petri dishes per treatment (each bacterial strain, formulation control or non treated seeds) and 8 seeds per Petri dish were used. The seeds were placed on the Petri dishes inside a laminar or biosafety hood using forceps previously flamed. The Petri dishes were sealed with surgical tape, randomized to avoid position effects and placed in a growth chamber set at 22° C., 60% relative humidity, in the dark for five days.

For testing the effect of salt stress on wheat, a water agar assay was performed using square plates 245 mm long on each side (Corning). Each plate contained 100 ml of water agar (1.3%) for the normal condition and supplemented with 100 mM NaCl for the salt stress. Two plates were used per treatment and the seeds were arranged in two rows of 6 seeds each along the middle of the plate, with the embryos facing outwardly so that the roots would grow from the middle of the plate outwardly and in opposite directions, minimizing roots crossing over among seedlings.

After 5 days of growth, digital images of the seedlings were obtained and the data scored and analyzed as indicated in Example 5. The effects of core bacterial and fungal endophytes, alone or in combination, on soy seedlings are shown in Tables 37A and B and 38A and B. The effects of core bacterial and fungal endophytes, alone or in combination, on wheat seedlings are shown in Tables 39A and B and 40A and B.

TABLE 37A Assay for soy seedling growth in water agar conditions, where soy seeds were treated with core bacterial endophytes. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ ID Biological Biological Strain NO. Normal Effect? Salt Effect? SYM00009 3589 1 yes 0 no SYM00013 3590 0 no — — SYM00018 3592 0 yes — — SYM00020 3593 1 yes — — SYM00053 3601 0 yes 0 yes SYM00062C 3603 0 yes — — SYM00070 3607 0 yes 0 yes SYM00103 3609 0 yes 0 yes SYM00184 3621 0 no 1 no SYM00212 3623 2 yes 1 yes SYM00234 3625 1 yes 0 yes SYM00249 3628 0 no 0 no SYM00506c 3629 1 no 0 yes SYM00507 3630 1 yes 0 no SYM00508 3631 0 yes 0 yes SYM00525 3632 1 no 0 yes SYM00538A 3633 0 no 0 no SYM00538B 3634 0 yes 0 no SYM00538i 3635 1 no 0 yes SYM00617 3645 0 yes 0 yes SYM00620 3646 0 yes 1 yes SYM00628 3649 0 yes — — SYM00650 3652 0 yes 0 no SYM00714 3656 0 yes 1 no SYM00905 3663 0 yes 0 yes SYM00924 3664 0 no 0 yes SYM00963 3665 1 yes 0 no SYM00982 3666 1 yes 0 no SYM00987 3667 0 yes 0 no

Soy seedlings treated with SYM00009, SYM00020, SYM00212, SYM00234, SYM00506c, SYM00507, SYM00525, SYM00538i, SYM00963, and SYM00982 showed overall better performance relative to formulation only treated plants. These strains performed up to 40% improvement in normal conditions. Under salt stress conditions, four SYM strains performed up to 20% better relative to formulation only. These data is indicative of the beneficial effects of the many core bacterial SYM strains on soy under both normal and biotic stressed conditions.

Based on BIOLOG carbon source assays, SYM00212 that is one of the strains that conferred beneficial effects on soy are also able to use L-proline as a single source of carbon. It is well established that endogenous proline level is elevated in plants undergoing drought and salt stresses (Chen and Murata, 2002). This phenomenon may facilitate more nutrients to become available for endophytes living symbiotically with plant hosts exposed to abiotic stresses. Therefore it could be possible that the ability for endophytes like SYM00212 to scavenge and utilize accumulated amino acids such as proline is associated with its ability to confer beneficial effects on the plant host.

TABLE 37B Assay for soy seedling growth in water agar conditions, where soy seeds were treated with combinations of core bacterial endophytes. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ ID SEQ ID Biological Salt Biological Strain NO. Strain NO. Normal Effect? stress Effect? SYM00050 3600 SYM00053 3601 2 yes 1 no SYM00050 3600 SYM00207 3622 1 yes 1 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00248 3627 1 yes 1 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00508 3631 1 yes — — SYM00050 3600 SYM00574 3641 1 no 1 no SYM00050 3600 SYM00978 3668 0 yes 0 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00991 3669 1 yes 0 no SYM00053 3601 SYM00207 3622 1 yes 1 no SYM00053 3601 SYM00248 3627 0 no 0 no SYM00053 3601 SYM00508 3631 2 yes 1 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00574 3641 0 yes 0 no SYM00053 3601 SYM00628 3649 1 yes 1 no SYM00053 3601 SYM00978 3668 — — 0 no SYM00053 3601 SYM00991 3669 2 yes 0 no SYM00053 3601 SYM01049 3671 0 yes 1 no SYM00207 3622 SYM00248 3627 1 yes 0 no SYM00207 3622 SYM00508 3631 1 yes 0 no SYM00207 3622 SYM00628 3649 2 yes 1 no SYM00207 3622 SYM00978 3668 1 no — — SYM00207 3622 SYM00991 3669 1 yes 1 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM01049 3671 0 yes 1 no SYM00248 3627 SYM00574 3641 0 yes — — SYM00248 3627 SYM00628 3649 1 yes 1 no SYM00248 3627 SYM00991 3669 0 no 1 no SYM00248 3627 SYM01049 3671 0 yes 0 no SYM00508 3631 SYM00574 3641 0 no 0 no SYM00508 3631 SYM00991 3669 1 yes 0 yes SYM00508 3631 SYM01049 3671 — — 1 yes SYM00574 3641 SYM00628 3649 1 yes 1 no SYM00574 3641 SYM00978 3668 1 yes 0 no SYM00574 3641 SYM00991 3669 1 no 0 no SYM00574 3641 SYM01049 3671 0 yes 0 no SYM00628 3649 SYM00978 3668 0 yes 1 no SYM00628 3649 SYM00991 3669 2 yes 0 no SYM00991 3669 SYM00978 3668 0 yes 0 yes SYM00991 3669 SYM01049 3671 0 yes 0 no SYM01049 3671 SYM00978 3668 0 yes 0 yes

Under normal conditions, 12.8% of core bacteria combinations applied to soy seeds resulted in >20% improvement in overall seedling phenotype compared to the formulation-only treatment. In particular, core bacterial strains SYM00053, SYM00207, and SYM00628 each provided two combinations with other strains that improved the measured phenotype by >20% as compared to the formulation-only treatment. In combination, these strains seem to synergistically confer benefits towards plant development. 46.8% of core bacteria combinations resulted in a >5% positive biological effect, and 29.8% of core bacteria combinations resulted in a >5% negative biological effect as compared to formulation-only treatment, indicating activity of the bacterial strains in the seed's early developmental stages.

Under salt stress, 14.9% of core bacteria combinations applied to soy seeds resulted in a >5% positive biological effect, and 14.9% of core bacteria combinations resulted in a >5% negative biological effect as compared to formulation-only treatment, indicating activity of the bacterial strains in the seed's early developmental stages.

TABLE 38A Assay for soy seedling growth in water agar conditions, where soy seeds were treated with core fungal endophytes. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ ID Biological Biological Strain NO. Normal Effect? Salt Effect? SYM00034 3597 0 yes 1 no SYM00061A 3602 0 yes 0 yes SYM00066 3605 3 yes 1 yes SYM00120 3610 0 yes 0 yes SYM00122 3611 3 yes 0 yes SYM00123 3612 0 yes — — SYM00124 3613 0 no 1 no SYM00129 3614 0 yes 0 yes SYM00135 3615 3 yes 1 yes SYM00136 3616 1 yes 1 yes SYM00151 3617 1 yes 1 no SYM00154 3618 1 yes 1 no SYM00566B 3640 0 yes 2 yes SYM00603 3644 2 yes 1 yes SYM00622 3647 0 no 0 yes SYM00629 3650 1 yes 2 yes SYM00663 3654 2 yes 0 yes SYM00696 3655 0 no 1 yes SYM00741a 3657 0 no 1 yes SYM00741b 3658 2 yes 1 no SYM00793 3659 0 yes 1 no SYM00577 3642 1 yes 1 no SYM00590 3643 2 yes 1 yes SYM00854 3661 2 yes 1 yes SYM00880 3662 3 yes 1 no SYM01300 3672 1 no 1 no SYM01310 3674 1 yes 1 yes SYM01311 3675 2 yes 1 no SYM01314 3676 1 no 1 yes SYM01315 3677 3 yes 0 yes SYM01325 3678 0 no 0 no SYM01326 3679 1 yes 1 yes SYM01327 3680 3 yes 2 yes SYM01328 3681 0 yes 0 yes SYM01333 3682 3 yes 0 yes SYM15811 3683 3 yes 0 yes SYM15820 3684 3 yes 1 no SYM15821 3685 3 yes 1 yes SYM15825 3686 2 yes 2 yes SYM15828 3687 2 yes 1 yes SYM15831 3688 1 yes — — SYM15837 3689 1 yes 1 yes SYM15839 3690 2 yes 1 yes SYM15847 3691 — — 1 yes SYM15870 3692 3 yes 1 no SYM15872 3693 3 yes 2 yes SYM15890 3694 3 yes 0 no SYM15901 3695 3 yes 1 yes SYM15920 3696 3 yes 1 yes SYM15926 3697 0 yes 1 yes SYM15928 3698 0 yes 2 yes SYM15932 3699 3 yes 1 no SYM15939 3700 3 yes 1 yes

Of the 53 strains of seed core fungi tested in soybean bioassays, 26 (50%) had growth enhancing effects (>20% growth enhancement) on seedlings under normal conditions, while 6 (12%) had growth enhancing effects under salt conditions.

Fungi SYM00066, SYM00122, SYM00135, SYM00880, SYM01315, SYM01327, SYM01333, SYM15811, SYM15820, SYM15821, SYM15870, SYM15872, SYM15890, SYM15901, SYM15920, SYM15932, and SYM15939 all had strong effects on seedling growth of above 40% under normal conditions. 71% of these strains are able to metabolize L-arabinose and Sucrose, while 64% are able to metabolize L-Proline, D-Trehalose and D-Mannose which are compatible osmolytes produced by plants and microbes under conditions of water stress. Under conditions of salt stress, no strain improved seedling growth more than 40% relative to control, however SYM15872 and SYM01327 which had strong effects under normal conditions had moderate effects. While not able to dramatically enhance seedling growth under normal conditions, SYM15932, SYM15825, SYM00629, and SYM00566B were able to moderately enhance plant growth under conditions of salt stress (20-40%).

TABLE 38B Assay for soy seedling growth in water agar conditions, where soy seeds were treated with combinations of core fungal endophytes. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ ID SEQ ID Biological Salt Biological Strain NO. Strain NO. Normal Effect? stress Effect? SYM15901 3695 SYM00124 3613 0 yes 1 yes SYM15901 3695 SYM15821 3685 0 yes 0 no SYM15901 3695 SYM15870 3692 0 yes 1 no SYM15890 3694 SYM01333 3682 0 yes 0 no SYM15890 3694 SYM00741a 3657 0 yes 0 yes SYM15890 3694 SYM00066 3605 0 yes 0 no SYM15890 3694 SYM15901 3695 2 yes 1 no SYM15890 3694 SYM00124 3613 0 yes 0 yes SYM15890 3694 SYM15821 3685 2 yes 0 yes SYM15890 3694 SYM15870 3692 3 yes 1 no SYM15821 3685 SYM15870 3692 3 yes 0 yes SYM15811 3683 SYM00122 3611 0 yes 1 no SYM15811 3683 SYM15890 3694 2 yes 0 yes SYM15811 3683 SYM01333 3682 0 yes 1 no SYM15811 3683 SYM00741a 3657 0 yes 0 no SYM15811 3683 SYM00066 3605 0 yes 1 yes SYM15811 3683 SYM15901 3695 0 yes 0 no SYM15811 3683 SYM00124 3613 0 yes 0 yes SYM15811 3683 SYM15821 3685 0 yes 1 yes SYM15811 3683 SYM15870 3692 1 yes 1 no SYM01333 3682 SYM00741a 3657 0 yes 0 yes SYM01333 3682 SYM00066 3605 0 yes 1 no SYM01333 3682 SYM15901 3695 0 no 1 yes SYM01333 3682 SYM00124 3613 0 yes 0 yes SYM01333 3682 SYM15821 3685 0 no 1 yes SYM01333 3682 SYM15870 3692 0 yes 1 yes SYM00135 3615 SYM15811 3683 0 yes 1 no SYM00135 3615 SYM00122 3611 0 yes 1 yes SYM00135 3615 SYM15890 3694 1 yes 1 yes SYM00135 3615 SYM01333 3682 0 yes 1 no SYM00135 3615 SYM00741a 3657 0 yes 0 no SYM00135 3615 SYM00066 3605 0 yes 1 no SYM00135 3615 SYM15901 3695 0 yes 1 yes SYM00135 3615 SYM00124 3613 0 yes 0 no SYM00135 3615 SYM15821 3685 0 yes 1 yes

Under normal conditions 5 out of 51 strains (10% of total) conferred beneficial effect with greater than 20% of growth enhancement including two combinations (SYM15890+SYM15870 and SYM15821+SYM15870) that had greater than 40% enhancement in growth. Under salt stress 11 out of 51 strains (22% of total) showed significance enhancement (higher than 5%) in growth compared to formulation.

TABLE 39A Assay for wheat seedling growth in water agar conditions, where wheat seeds were treated with core bacterial endophytes. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. Biological Biological Strain SEQ ID NO. Normal Effect? Salt stress Effect? SYM00003 3588 1 yes 0 yes SYM00009 3589 1 yes 0 yes SYM00013 3590 1 yes 0 yes SYM00017A 3591 1 yes 0 yes SYM00018 3592 1 yes 0 yes SYM00020 3593 2 yes 0 yes SYM00050 3600 2 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 1 yes 0 yes SYM00062C 3603 2 yes 1 yes SYM00068 3606 2 yes 0 yes SYM00070 3607 0 no 0 yes SYM00103 3609 2 yes 0 yes SYM00183 3620 2 yes 0 yes SYM00184 3621 2 yes 2 yes SYM00207 3622 1 yes 0 yes SYM00212 3623 2 yes 0 yes SYM00219 3624 0 no 0 yes SYM00234 3625 1 yes 0 no SYM00236 3626 1 yes 2 yes SYM00248 3627 1 yes 2 yes SYM00249 3628 2 yes 3 yes SYM00506c 3629 1 yes 3 yes SYM00507 3630 1 yes 0 yes SYM00508 3631 2 yes 0 yes SYM00525 3632 2 yes 0 yes SYM00538A 3633 1 yes 0 yes SYM00538B 3634 2 yes 0 yes SYM00538i 3635 1 yes 0 yes SYM00543 3636 1 yes 0 yes SYM00563 3639 2 yes 0 yes SYM00574 3641 1 yes 0 yes SYM00617 3645 1 yes 3 yes SYM00620 3646 2 yes 0 yes SYM00627 3648 2 yes 0 no SYM00628 3649 3 yes 2 yes SYM00650 3652 1 yes 2 yes SYM00714 3656 1 yes 3 yes SYM00905 3663 1 yes 3 yes SYM00924 3664 1 no 0 yes SYM00963 3665 2 yes 0 yes SYM00978 3668 1 yes 2 yes SYM00982 3666 1 yes 0 yes SYM00987 3667 1 yes 3 yes SYM00991 3669 1 no 0 yes SYM00999 3670 1 yes 0 yes SYM01049 3671 1 yes 0 yes

In general, bacterial endophyte-coated wheat seedlings performed well compared to formulation control under normal conditions, i.e., water agar. 17 out 47 strains tested (36% of total) exhibited move than 20% of the enhancement in growth and conferred a significantly noticeable beneficial effect to wheat seedlings. Under the saline stress condition (water agar supplemented with 100 mM NaCl), 12 out of 44 strains tested (25% of total) exhibited more than 20% of the enhancement in growth, while 6 out of the 47 strains (12% of total) exhibited greater than 40% of the enhancement in growth. Particularly, 3 strains, SYM00184, SYM00249, and SYM00628 conferred a beneficial effect to wheat seedlings in both normal and saline stress conditions.

TABLE 39B Assay for wheat seedling growth in water agar conditions, where wheat seeds were treated with combinations of core bacterial endophytes. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ ID SEQ ID Biological Biological Strain 1 NO. Strain 2 NO. Normal Effect? Salt stress Effect? SYM00050 3600 SYM00053 3601 0 yes 0 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00207 3622 2 yes 0 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00248 3627 0 no 0 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00508 3631 3 yes 0 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00574 3641 3 yes 2 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00978 3668 1 yes 0 yes SYM00050 3600 SYM00991 3669 3 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00207 3622 0 no 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00248 3627 2 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00508 3631 3 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00574 3641 0 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00628 3649 2 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00978 3668 1 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM00991 3669 1 yes 0 yes SYM00053 3601 SYM01049 3671 1 yes 2 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00248 3627 1 yes 0 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00508 3631 0 yes 0 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00574 3641 2 yes 0 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00628 3649 3 yes 0 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00978 3668 0 no 0 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00991 3669 1 yes 0 yes SYM00207 3622 SYM01049 3671 1 yes 0 yes SYM00248 3627 SYM00574 3641 2 yes 0 yes SYM00248 3627 SYM00628 3649 2 yes 0 yes SYM00248 3627 SYM00991 3669 0 no 0 yes SYM00248 3627 SYM01049 3671 0 yes 0 yes SYM00508 3631 SYM00574 3641 1 yes 0 yes SYM00508 3631 SYM00628 3649 3 yes 1 yes SYM00508 3631 SYM00991 3669 3 yes 0 yes SYM00508 3631 SYM01049 3671 1 no 0 yes SYM00574 3641 SYM00628 3649 2 yes 0 yes SYM00574 3641 SYM00978 3668 0 no 0 yes SYM00574 3641 SYM00991 3669 0 yes 0 yes SYM00574 3641 SYM01049 3671 2 yes 0 yes SYM00628 3649 SYM00978 3668 0 yes 0 yes SYM00628 3649 SYM00991 3669 0 yes 0 yes SYM00991 3669 SYM00978 3668 1 yes 0 yes SYM00991 3669 SYM01049 3671 0 yes 0 yes SYM01049 3671 SYM00978 3668 3 yes 0 yes

Under normal condition (water agar), 16 out of 39 (41% of total) combinations of bacterial endophytes conferred a noticeable beneficial effect with a greater than 20% of growth enhancement. Similarly, under saline stress condition (water agar supplemented with 100 mM NaCl), 2 out of 39 (5% of total) combinations tested conferred a noticeable beneficial effect with a greater than 20% of growth enhancement. Collectively, there are 3 combinations that conferred an effect in all experimental conditions. Among the 6 strains in these combinations (3 combinations×2), SYM00050, SYM00053, SYM00508, SYM00574, SYM0628 and SYM01049 conferred a beneficial effect to wheat seedlings in both normal and saline stress conditions.

TABLE 40A Assay for wheat seedling growth in water agar conditions, where wheat seeds were treated with core fungal endophytes. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. Strain SEQ ID NO. Normal Salt stress SYM00034 3597 2 0 SYM00061A 3602 2 0 SYM00066 3605 2 0 SYM00120 3610 2 0 SYM00122 3611 3 0 SYM00123 3612 1 0 SYM00124 3613 3 0 SYM00129 3614 3 0 SYM00135 3615 2 0 SYM00136 3616 3 0 SYM00151 3617 3 0 SYM00154 3618 3 0 SYM00566B 3640 2 0 SYM00577 3642 2 0 SYM00590 3643 3 0 SYM00603 3644 3 0 SYM00622 3647 3 0 SYM00629 3650 2 0 SYM00663 3654 3 — SYM00696 3655 2 0 SYM00741a 3657 3 0 SYM00741b 3658 3 0 SYM00793 3659 0 0 SYM00854 3661 2 0 SYM00880 3662 2 0 SYM01300 3672 2 0 SYM01310 3674 2 0 SYM01311 3675 2 0 SYM01314 3676 3 0 SYM01315 3677 3 0 SYM01325 3678 2 0 SYM01326 3679 2 0 SYM01327 3680 3 0 SYM01328 3681 3 0 SYM01333 3682 3 0 SYM15811 3683 2 0 SYM15820 3684 2 0 SYM15821 3685 3 0 SYM15825 3686 2 0 SYM15828 3687 2 0 SYM15831 3688 2 0 SYM15837 3689 0 0 SYM15839 3690 3 0 SYM15847 3691 3 0 SYM15870 3692 3 0 SYM15872 3693 3 0 SYM15890 3694 3 0 SYM15901 3695 3 0 SYM15920 3696 3 0 SYM15926 3697 3 0 SYM15928 3698 2 0 SYM15932 3699 2 0 SYM15939 3700 1 0

Under the normal condition (water agar), out of the 53 fungal endophytes tested, 26 (˜50% of total) conferred a beneficial effect to wheat with greater than 50% of growth enhancement. These include 7 Fusarium spp., 4 Acremonium spp., 4 Alternaria spp., and 4 Cladosporium. Interestingly, these 4 groups of fungi are also top hits in auxin and indolic compound production, acetoin accumulation, and siderophore accumulation (Example 5, Table 36B). This suggests a correlation of between the accumulation of auxin, indolic compound, acetoin, and siderophore and the beneficial effect. Surprisingly, we were unable to identify any fungal strains that confer a beneficial effect to wheat in saline stress condition (water agar supplemented with 100 mM NaCl).

TABLE 40B Assay for wheat seedling growth in water agar conditions, where wheat seeds were treated with combinations of core fungal endophytes. *Any symbol to the left of the “/” pertains to primary radicle length with +, 0, − denoting an increase, no change, or decrease relative to control seedling radicles, respectively. The scale (a-e) to the right of the “/” pertains to relative increases or decreases in secondary characteristics of the seedlings as follows: a) root hair development, b) lateral root number, c) lateral root size, d) shoot length, and e) root thickness. SEQ ID SEQ ID Strain 1 NO. Strain 2 NO. Normal* Salt stress SYM15901 3695 SYM00124 3613 0 − SYM15901 3695 SYM15821 3685 N/A − SYM15890 3694 SYM01333 3682 + N/A SYM15890 3694 SYM00741a 3657 N/A 0 SYM15890 3694 SYM01315 3677 0 0 SYM15890 3694 SYM15901 3695 0 − SYM15890 3694 SYM00124 3613 N/A − SYM15890 3694 SYM15870 3692 0 0 SYM15821 3685 SYM15870 3692 N/A − SYM15811 3683 SYM00122 3611 −/−c + SYM15811 3683 SYM15890 3694 − + SYM15811 3683 SYM00741a 3657 N/A 0 SYM15811 3683 SYM01315 3677 − − SYM15811 3683 SYM00066 3605 0/−c 0 SYM15811 3683 SYM15901 3695 +/c − SYM15811 3683 SYM15821 3685 +/c + SYM15811 3683 SYM15870 3692 0 + SYM01315 3677 SYM00066 3605 −/−c N/A SYM01315 3677 SYM15901 3695 N/A 0 SYM01315 3677 SYM15821 3685 −/−c N/A SYM01315 3677 SYM15870 3692 −/−c 0 SYM01333 3682 SYM00741a 3657 −/−d 0 SYM01333 3682 SYM01315 3677 −/−c N/A SYM01333 3682 SYM15901 3695 0/−d − SYM01333 3682 SYM00124 3613 −/−c, −d N/A SYM01333 3682 SYM15821 3685 −/−d + SYM01333 3682 SYM15870 3692 N/A 0 SYM00741a 3657 SYM00066 3605 −/−c 0 SYM00741a 3657 SYM15901 3695 −/−c, −d − SYM00741a 3657 SYM00124 3613 N/A − SYM00741a 3657 SYM15821 3685 −/−c 0 SYM00741a 3657 SYM15870 3692 −/−c, −d N/A SYM00135 3615 SYM15811 3683 +/d 0 SYM00135 3615 SYM00122 3611 −/−e 0 SYM00135 3615 SYM15890 3694 −/d N/A SYM00135 3615 SYM01333 3682 −/−c, −d N/A SYM00135 3615 SYM00741a 3657 0/−c N/A SYM00135 3615 SYM01315 3677 0 + SYM00135 3615 SYM00124 3613 − − SYM00135 3615 SYM15821 3685 −/c, d +

Under normal condition (water agar), four combinations of core fungi endophytes conferred a noticeable beneficial effect with longer root growth relative to formulation only treated seeds. Under saline stress condition (water agar supplemented with 100 mM NaCl), seven combinations that were tested conferred noticeable beneficial effect with a greater root length in comparison with formulation only treated wheat seeds.

Filter Paper Growth Assay

Wheat seeds were sterilized and coated with the appropriate endophyte as described in Example 7. They were then placed in filter paper growth assays as described in Example 5. After 5-8 days of growth, a picture of each plate was taken and analyzed as described in Example 5.

The effects of bacterial and fungal endophytes belonging to core OTUs on the growth of wheat seeds in a filter paper assay is shown in Tables 41A and B and 42A and B.

TABLE 41A Growth of wheat seeds treated with bacterial endophytes belonging to OTUs present in corn, wheat, cotton and soy seeds. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. Biological Water Biological Strain SEQ ID NO. Normal Effect? stress Effect? SYM00003 3588 1 yes — — SYM00009 3589 1 no 1 yes SYM00013 3590 1 yes 1 yes SYM00017A 3591 0 no 1 yes SYM00018 3592 0 yes 1 no SYM00020 3593 1 yes 1 no SYM00050 3600 0 no 0 no SYM00053 3601 1 yes 1 yes SYM00062C 3603 0 yes 2 yes SYM00068 3606 2 yes 0 no SYM00070 3607 1 yes 1 yes SYM00103 3609 0 no 1 yes SYM00183 3620 1 no 1 yes SYM00184 3621 1 yes 0 no SYM00207 3622 0 no 1 no SYM00212 3623 0 yes 2 yes SYM00219 3624 0 no 0 yes SYM00234 3625 1 yes 1 yes SYM00236 3626 1 yes 1 yes SYM00248 3627 2 yes 1 yes SYM00249 3628 2 yes 0 no SYM00506c 3629 2 yes 1 yes SYM00507 3630 1 yes 0 yes SYM00508 3631 2 yes 1 yes SYM00525 3632 1 yes 1 yes SYM00538A 3633 2 yes 0 no SYM00538B 3634 0 no 2 yes SYM00538i 3635 0 yes 2 yes SYM00543 3636 1 yes 0 yes SYM00563 3639 1 yes 1 no SYM00574 3641 0 yes 0 no SYM00617 3645 2 yes 0 yes SYM00620 3646 2 yes 1 yes SYM00627 3648 2 yes 0 yes SYM00628 3649 1 yes 2 yes SYM00650 3652 1 yes 0 yes SYM00714 3656 0 yes 1 yes SYM00905 3663 2 yes 3 yes SYM00924 3664 2 yes 0 yes SYM00963 3665 1 yes 0 no SYM00978 3668 3 yes 0 no SYM00982 3666 0 yes 0 yes SYM00987 3667 1 yes 0 no SYM00991 3669 1 no 1 yes SYM00999 3670 1 yes 1 yes SYM01049 3671 0 no 1 yes

Under the normal condition (filter paper soaked with sterile water), 12 out of 32 tested strains (38% of total) conferred beneficial effect to wheat with greater than 20% of growth enhancement, whereas 6 out of 43 strains (14% of total) tested showed beneficial effect under water stress condition (filter paper soaked with 8% PEG 6000). The bacterial endophytes treated on wheat seeds and tested in filter paper assays that produced beneficial effects belong to a great diversity of genera: Pseudomonas, Curtobacterium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Agrobacterium, Chrysobacterium, Escherichia and Methylobacterium. We have not observed over-representation of certain taxonomic groups of bacteria. All of these bacteria produced intermediate to high levels of auxin, acetoin and siderophore production (Example 5, Table 34A) and are able to metabolize intermediate to large numbers of substrates (Table 31B). The exceptions to this were SYM00982 that had low levels of siderophore production and only metabolized 3 substrates and SYM00999 that had low levels of both siderophore and auxin production and metabolized 6 substrates.

TABLE 41B Growth of wheat seeds treated with combinations of bacterial endophytes, belonging to OTUs present in corn, wheat, cotton and soy seeds. 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ SEQ ID Biological Water Biological Strain 1 ID NO. Strain 2 NO. Normal effect? stress effect? SYM00053 3601 SYM01049 3671 1 No 0 Yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00248 3627 2 Yes 0 Yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00508 3631 2 Yes 0 Yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00574 3641 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00628 3649 1 Yes 1 Yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00978 3668 1 yes 0 Yes SYM00207 3622 SYM00991 3669 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00207 3622 SYM01049 3671 2 Yes 1 No SYM00248 3627 SYM00574 3641 0 Yes 0 Yes SYM00248 3627 SYM00628 3649 2 Yes 0 Yes SYM00248 3627 SYM00991 3669 2 Yes 1 No SYM00248 3627 SYM01049 3671 2 Yes 0 Yes SYM00508 3631 SYM00574 3641 2 Yes 0 Yes SYM00508 3631 SYM00628 3649 0 Yes 0 Yes SYM00508 3631 SYM00991 3669 0 Yes 0 Yes SYM00508 3631 SYM01049 3671 1 No 0 Yes SYM00574 3641 SYM00628 3649 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00574 3641 SYM00978 3668 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00574 3641 SYM00991 3669 0 No 0 Yes SYM00574 3641 SYM01049 3671 1 yes 0 Yes SYM00628 3649 SYM00978 3668 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00628 3649 SYM00991 3669 3 Yes 0 Yes SYM00991 3669 SYM00978 3668 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00991 3669 SYM01049 3671 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM01049 3671 SYM00978 3668 1 No 0 Yes

A variety of binary combinations of bacterial endophytes conferred a benefit under non-stress and/or water stress conditions. SYM00207, for instance, is present in several combinations that provide a benefit under normal conditions, including in tandem with SYM00574 or SYM01049. None of these strains alone confer a benefit to normal condition plants. SYM00628 provides an observable benefit under both normal and water-limited conditions. The benefit under normal conditions is increased when SYM00628 is combined with SYM00991, which itself also provides a relatively lower benefit under the normal condition. SYM00628 belongs to the genus Enterobacter, while SYM00991 belongs to the genus Acidovorax.

TABLE 42A Growth of wheat seeds treated with fungal endophytes belonging to OTUs present in corn, wheat, and cotton seeds SEQ ID Water Strain NO. Normal stress SYM00034 3597 1 0 SYM00061A 3602 1 0 SYM00066 3605 2 0 SYM00120 3610 1 1 SYM00122 3611 0 0 SYM00123 3612 0 0 SYM00124 3613 2 0 SYM00129 3614 0 0 SYM00135 3615 2 1 SYM00136 3616 2 0 SYM00151 3617 2 2 SYM00154 3618 2 2 SYM00566B 3640 1 0 SYM00603 3644 1 0 SYM00622 3647 2 3 SYM00629 3650 0 0 SYM00663 3654 0 0 SYM00696 3655 0 0 SYM00741a 3657 1 0 SYM00741b 3658 0 0 SYM00793 3659 1 0 SYM00577 3642 1 0 SYM00590 3643 1 0 SYM00854 3661 2 0 SYM00880 3662 2 0 SYM01300 3672 0 0 SYM01310 3674 1 0 SYM01311 3675 0 0 SYM01314 3676 2 0 SYM01315 3677 1 0 SYM01325 3678 2 0 SYM01326 3679 2 1 SYM01327 3680 2 2 SYM01328 3681 2 0 SYM01333 3682 1 0 SYM15811 3683 0 2 SYM15820 3684 2 2 SYM15821 3685 2 0 SYM15825 3686 2 1 SYM15828 3687 2 0 SYM15831 3688 2 0 SYM15837 3689 0 0 SYM15839 3690 2 0 SYM15847 3691 2 0 SYM15870 3692 2 0 SYM15872 3693 2 0 SYM15890 3694 3 0 SYM15901 3695 2 2 SYM15920 3696 2 0 SYM15926 3697 2 2 SYM15928 3698 0 0 SYM15932 3699 2 0 SYM15939 3700 1 0

Under the normal condition (filter paper with sterile water), out of the 53 fungal endophytes tested, 34 (˜61% of total) conferred a beneficial effect to wheat with greater than 20% of growth enhancement. Several taxonomic groups of fungi, including Fusarium, Acremonium, Alternaria, and Cladosporium, are over-represented. Interestingly, these 4 groups of fungi are also top hits in auxin and indolic compound production, acetoin accumulation, and siderophore accumulation (Example 5, Table 36B). This suggests a correlation of between the accumulation of auxin, indolic compound, acetoin, and siderophore and the beneficial effect. Under the water stress condition (filter paper with 8% PEG 6000), 8 out of 53 strains tested (15% of total) conferred a beneficial effect to wheat with greater than 20% of growth enhancement. Similarly, the top hits belong to the genera of Fusarium, Alternaria, Acremonium, and Cladosporium. However, not over-representation of these taxonomic groups has been observed. Of all strains tested, 9 strains, including 3 Alternaria spp. and 2 Fusarium spp., conferred a beneficial effect to wheat in both normal and water stress conditions.

TABLE 42B Growth of wheat seeds treated with combinations of fungal endophytes belonging to OTUs present in corn, wheat, and cotton seeds. Legend: 0 indicates <0% effect, 1 indicates <20% effect, 2 indicates <40% effect, 3 indicates >40% effect. For Biological Effect: yes indicates >5% or <−5% effect, no indicates effect between −5% and +5%. SEQ SEQ Biological Water Biological Strain 1 ID NO. Strain 2 ID NO. Normal effect? stress effect? SYM15901 3695 SYM00124 3613 1 No 0 yes SYM15901 3695 SYM15821 3685 0 Yes 0 No SYM15901 3695 SYM15870 3692 2 Yes 1 Yes SYM15890 3694 SYM01333 3682 1 Yes 1 Yes SYM15890 3694 SYM00741a 3657 1 Yes 0 No SYM15890 3694 SYM01315 3677 1 Yes 1 no SYM15890 3694 SYM00066 3605 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM15890 3694 SYM15901 3695 1 Yes 2 Yes SYM15890 3694 SYM00124 3613 0 No 2 Yes SYM15890 3694 SYM15821 3685 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM15890 3694 SYM15870 3692 0 Yes 0 Yes SYM15821 3685 SYM15870 3692 2 yes 0 Yes SYM15811 3683 SYM00122 3611 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM15811 3683 SYM15890 3694 1 Yes 0 No SYM15811 3683 SYM01333 3682 2 Yes 1 No SYM15811 3683 SYM00741a 3657 1 Yes 1 No SYM15811 3683 SYM01315 3677 1 Yes 0 yes SYM15811 3683 SYM00066 3605 1 Yes 0 No SYM15811 3683 SYM15901 3695 1 No 0 No SYM15811 3683 SYM00124 3613 0 No 1 No SYM15811 3683 SYM15821 3685 1 Yes 1 Yes SYM15811 3683 SYM15870 3692 1 No 1 Yes SYM01315 3677 SYM00066 3605 2 Yes 1 Yes SYM01315 3677 SYM15901 3695 2 Yes 2 Yes SYM01315 3677 SYM00124 3613 1 Yes 0 yes SYM01315 3677 SYM15821 3685 2 Yes 2 yes SYM01315 3677 SYM15870 3692 0 No 1 No SYM01333 3682 SYM00741a 3657 1 No 0 Yes SYM01333 3682 SYM01315 3677 1 Yes 0 yes SYM01333 3682 SYM00066 3605 0 Yes 1 Yes SYM01333 3682 SYM15901 3695 0 Yes 1 Yes SYM01333 3682 SYM00124 3613 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM01333 3682 SYM15821 3685 0 Yes 0 Yes SYM01333 3682 SYM15870 3692 1 No 0 Yes SYM00741a 3657 SYM01315 3677 0 No 1 no SYM00741a 3657 SYM00066 3605 1 Yes 0 No SYM00741a 3657 SYM15901 3695 1 Yes 2 Yes SYM00741a 3657 SYM00124 3613 0 No 0 Yes SYM00741a 3657 SYM15821 3685 1 No 2 Yes SYM00741a 3657 SYM15870 3692 2 Yes 1 Yes SYM00135 3615 SYM15811 3683 1 Yes 0 No SYM00135 3615 SYM00122 3611 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00135 3615 SYM15890 3694 1 Yes 2 Yes SYM00135 3615 SYM01333 3682 1 Yes 0 Yes SYM00135 3615 SYM00741a 3657 2 Yes 0 Yes SYM00135 3615 SYM01315 3677 1 Yes 0 yes SYM00135 3615 SYM00066 3605 2 Yes 1 No SYM00135 3615 SYM15901 3695 1 Yes 1 Yes SYM00135 3615 SYM00124 3613 2 Yes 0 No SYM00135 3615 SYM15821 3685 0 No 1 Yes

Several core combinations of fungal SYM strains showed beneficial effects on wheat both under normal and water stress conditions. The combinatory effect of these beneficial strains was indicative of overall synergistic underlying mechanisms that drive beneficial effect on the seedlings treated with those strains. In particular, the combination of SYM01315+SYM15901 showed up to 40% beneficial effect on wheat plants in both normal and water stressed conditions relative to formulation only treated wheat seedlings. SYM01315 is able to utilize L-proline as a sole carbon substrate based on BIOLOG assays. Similarly, proline was also a sole carbon source for SYM15901. Taken together, it is highly suggestive that the SYM strains' ability to efficiently utilize proline that gets elevated under biotic stresses as water and salt is a potential key component in conferring water stress plant protection.

Rolling Paper Assay for Evaluating Seed Germination and Seedling Drought Tolerance

Soy seeds were sterilized and coated with the appropriate endophyte as described in Example 5. Regular weight seed germination paper (Anchor Paper Co.) was used for testing the effect of the endophytes on soy under water limiting stress. Briefly, the paper was custom cut to 60 cm×15 cm and soaked in sterile water. Sixteen seeds were placed along the middle (7.5 cm from the edge) of longest axis of a piece of paper, equidistant from one another. A second pre-soaked piece of paper was layered on top of the seeds and the “sandwich” created in this way was rolled from one end, being careful to maintain the seeds in position, to form a tube 15 cm tall and approximately 5 cm in diameter. Each paper roll was placed vertically inside a sterile glass jar with a lid to hold water absorbed in rolling paper, and was then incubated in a growth chamber set at 22° C., 60% relative humidity, in the dark for two days. Then, the jars were opened and incubated for two more days with the conditions changed to 12 hours daylight (300-350 micro Einstein) 12 hours dark and 70% relative humidity.

Data scoring and analyzes were performed as described in Example 5, except for experiment shown in Table 44A, where measurements were taken by hand, and the data are showed in a binning of % increase in root length vs fungal formulation control: >0%=0, 0-5%=1, 5-10%=2, 10-15%=3.

The effects of bacterial and fungal endophytes belonging to core OTUs, and combinations of bacterial and fungal endophytes, on the growth of soy seeds in a rolling paper assay is shown in Tables 43 and 44A and B.

TABLE 43A Assay for soy seedling growth in rolling paper assay, where soy seeds were treated with core bacterial endophytes. Measurements for manual scoring of rolling paper soy water stress assay for core fungal strains were done according to the scale established previously. Briefly the score that was used was: <0% = 0; >0% = 1; >5% = 2, and >10% = 3. The percentage indicates percent change of treatments relative to formulation. The mean root lengths of the SYM treated biological replicates of soy seedlings were divided relative the mean root lengths of the fungal formulation. SEQ ID Water Strain NO. stress SYM00003 3588 0 SYM00013 3590 3 SYM00017A 3591 3 SYM00018 3592 2 SYM00020 3593 2 SYM00050 3600 1 SYM00070 3607 3 SYM00219 3624 2 SYM00525 3632 3 SYM00538A 3633 3 SYM00538i 3635 3 SYM00627 3648 3 SYM00987 3667 3 SYM00991 3669 1 SYM00628 3649 1

Under water stress, 73.33% of bacterial strains showed beneficial effect compared to control higher than 20% including SYM00018, SYM00020 and SYM00219. Strains SYM00013, SYM00017A, SYM00070, SYM00525, SYM00538A, SYM00538i, SYM00627, SYM00987 (53.3% of total) showed beneficial effect higher than 40%.

TABLE 44A Assay for soy seedling growth in rolling paper assay, where soy seeds were treated with core fungal endophytes. Measurements for manual scoring of rolling paper soy water stress assay for core fungal strains were done according to the scale established previously. Briefly the score that was used was: <0% = 0; >0% = 1; >5% = 2, and >10% = 3. The percentage indicates percent change of treatments relative to formulation. The mean root lengths of the SYM treated biological replicates of soy seedlings were divided relative the mean root lengths of the fungal formulation. Strain SEQ ID NO. Water stress SYM00066 3605 0 SYM00122 3611 3 SYM00123 3612 2 SYM00124 3613 3 SYM00135 3615 3 SYM00741a 3657 0 SYM00741b 3658 3 SYM00795 3660 — SYM00854 3661 0 SYM00880 3662 1 SYM01303 3673 0 SYM01315 3677 3 SYM01327 3680 2 SYM01333 3682 3 SYM15811 3683 3 SYM15820 3684 1 SYM15821 3685 2 SYM15831 3688 3 SYM15870 3692 1 SYM15872 3693 0 SYM15890 3694 3 SYM15901 3695 3 SYM15920 3696 0 SYM15932 3699 3 SYM15939 3700 0

Water stress experiments examining the effect of core fungal SYM strains on soy plants revealed several very promising strains that that exhibited over 10% improved seedling root length relative to formulation only treated seedlings. These were SYM00122, SYM00124, SYM00135, SYM00741b, SYM01315, SYM01333, SYM15811, SYM15831, SYM15890, SYM15901, and SYM15932. Three strains had >5% improved root length, while three showed >0% increased root length compared to formulation only treated plants.

Eight of these eleven had the ability to utilize L-proline as a sole carbon nutrient in BIOLOG substrate tests. It is well established that proline level is elevated in plants exposed to salt and water stresses. This data may indicate that although the SYM strains originated from different genera, they may share similar underlying mechanisms when it comes to affecting the plants phenotype in mitigating plant drought stress.

TABLE 44B Assay for soy seedling growth in rolling paper assay, where soy seeds were treated with combinations of core fungal endophytes. Measurements for manual scoring of rolling paper soy water stress assay for core fungal strains were done according to the scale established previously. Briefly the score that was used was: <0% = 0; >0% = 1; >5% = 2, and >10% = 3. The percentage indicates percent change of treatments relative to formulation. The mean root lengths of the SYM treated biological replicates of soy seedlings were divided relative the mean root lengths of the fungal formulation. SEQ ID SEQ ID Water Strain 1 NO. Strain 2 NO. stress SYM15901 3695 SYM15821 3685 1 SYM15890 3694 SYM01333 3682 0 SYM15890 3694 SYM00741a 3657 1 SYM15890 3694 SYM01315 3677 2 SYM15890 3694 SYM15901 3695 3 SYM15890 3694 SYM15870 3692 2 SYM15821 3685 SYM15870 3692 2 SYM15811 3683 SYM00122 3611 3 SYM15811 3683 SYM15890 3694 0 SYM15811 3683 SYM01333 3682 0 SYM15811 3683 SYM01315 3677 0 SYM15811 3683 SYM00066 3605 0 SYM15811 3683 SYM15870 3692 0 SYM01315 3677 SYM15901 3695 0 SYM01315 3677 SYM00124 3613 3

A beneficial plant microbiome is likely made up of multiple strains that occupy stress protection niches within the plant. This was evaluated in the rolling paper assay to test the improvement on the plant phenotype conferred by inoculation with multiple fungal strains. The top three performers all utilize a-Cyclodextrin, which is a trait shared by all of the single fungi treatments which incurred the largest positive plant phenotypic change. The majority of the strains that are party of the combos also show similar patterns when it comes to siderophore and auxin production. This may indicate that although they come from different genera, they may occupy similar niches when it comes to affecting the plants phenotype when helping the plant deal with drought stress.

Example 10 Trials to Full Plant Maturity to Demonstrate Performance in Commercial Field Setting

Corn was grown at two locations in the United States. Six replicate plots were sown for each treatment and variety combination. Control plots were planted for formulation treated seeds. Seeds were sown in an irrigated field in plots of 10 by 40 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design. Four rows were planted per plot with a row spacing of 30 inches. Seeding density at Location 1 was 576 g per acre. Seeding density at Location was 35,000 seeds per acre. SPAD readings were taken at Location 2 only for 10 plants per plot on three months after planting (one month before harvest) to measure chlorophyll content of leaves. The interior 2 rows were harvested by combine. Grain yield per plot, grain moisture, and test weight were assessed. Yield was adjusted for grain moisture content to a storage moisture of 14% (i.e. dry bushels per acre for combine harvest). Data shown for both locations are shown in Tables 45A and 45B.

TABLE 45A Rainfed trial in Location 1. Treatment Combine yield (dry bu/ac) Bacterial formulation control 101.77 SYM00033 119.96

TABLE 45B Rainfed trial in Location 2. Treatment SPAD Combine yield (dry bu/ac) Fungal formulation control 53.72 88.78 SYM00066^(i) 54.54 95.17 Bacterial formulation control 54.35 91.76 SYM00074^(ii) 55.95 85.54 ^(i)Compare to fungal formulation control ^(ii)Compare to bacterial formulation control

For combine yield, SYM00033 showed a substantial increase in dry bushels per acre compared to formulation treated controls. As an indicator of leaf chlorophyll content, SYM00066 showed a slight increase in SPAD readings compared to the fungal formulation control. For combine yield, SYM00066 showed a substantial increase in dry bushels per acre compared to the fungal formulation control. As an indicator of leaf chlorophyll content, SYM00074 showed a slight increase in SPAD readings compared to the bacterial formulation control.

Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments. Consider the specification and examples as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.

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LENGTHY TABLES The patent application contains a lengthy table section. A copy of the table is available in electronic form from the USPTO web site (http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20150373993A1). An electronic copy of the table will also be available from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37 CFR 1.19(b)(3). 

1.-60. (canceled)
 61. A synthetic combination comprising a purified microbial population in association with a plurality of seeds or seedlings of an agricultural plant, wherein the purified microbial population comprises a first endophyte capable of at least one of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, and production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof, wherein the first endophyte comprises a 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3700, and wherein the endophyte is present in the synthetic combination in an amount effective to provide a benefit to the seeds or seedlings or the plants derived from the seeds or seedlings. 62.-67. (canceled)
 68. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the first endophyte is localized on the surface of the seeds or seedlings.
 69. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the first endophyte is obtained from a plant species other than the seeds or seedlings of the synthetic combination.
 70. (canceled)
 71. (canceled)
 72. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the microbial population further comprises a second endophyte.
 73. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the microbial population further comprises a second microbial endophyte having an 16S rRNA or ITS rRNA nucleic acid sequence less than 95% identical to that of the first microbial endophyte. 74-77. (canceled)
 78. The synthetic combination of claim 72, wherein the second endophyte is a fungal endophyte.
 79. (canceled)
 80. (canceled)
 81. The synthetic combination of claim 78, wherein the fungal endophyte is of a genus selected from the group consisting of: Acremonium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Cochliobolus, Embellisia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Phoma, and Podospora.
 82. The synthetic combination of claim 78, wherein the fungal endophyte has an ITS rRNA at least 95% identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOs: 3597, 3602, 3605, 3610, 3611, 3612, 3613, 3614, 3615, 3616, 3617, 3618, 3640, 3642, 3643, 3644, 3647, 3650, 3654, 3655, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699,
 3700. 83. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the microbial population further comprises a second endophyte, and wherein the first and second endophytes are independently capable of at least one of production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, or production of acetoin, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 84. (canceled)
 85. (canceled)
 86. (canceled)
 87. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the first endophyte is capable of at least two of: production of an auxin, nitrogen fixation, production of an antimicrobial, production of a siderophore, mineral phosphate solubilization, production of a cellulase, production of a chitinase, production of a xylanase, utilization of arabinose as a carbon source, and production of acetoin.
 88. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the first endophyte is capable of metabolizing at least two of D-alanine, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, D-threonine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, glycyl-L-proline, glyoxylic acid, inosine, L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-arabinose, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-proline, L-serine, L-threonine, tyramine, uridine, proline, arabinose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, maltose, D-glucosamine, trehalose, oxalic acid, and salicin, or a combination of two or more thereof.
 89. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the benefit is selected from the group consisting of increased root biomass, increased root length, increased height, increased shoot length, increased leaf number, increased water use efficiency, increased overall biomass, increase grain yield, increased photosynthesis rate, increased tolerance to drought, increased heat tolerance, increased salt tolerance, increased resistance to nematode stress, increased resistance to a fungal pathogen, increased resistance to a bacterial pathogen, increased resistance to a viral pathogen, a detectable modulation in the level of a metabolite, and a detectable modulation in the proteome relative to a reference plant.
 90. (canceled)
 91. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the combination comprises seeds and the first endophyte is associated with the seeds as a coating on the surface of the seeds.
 92. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the combination comprises seedlings and the first endophyte is contacted with the seedlings as a spray applied to one or more leaves and/or one or more roots of the seedlings. 93.-96. (canceled)
 97. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the first endophyte comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to any nucleic acid provided in Tables 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5-14, 16-23.
 98. (canceled)
 99. The synthetic combination of claim 61 comprising a plurality of seeds, wherein the first endophytes are present in an amount of at least about 100 CFU or spores, at least 300 CFU or spores, at least 1,000 CFU or spores, at least 3,000 CFU or spores, at least 10,000 CFU or spores, at least 30,000 CFU or spores, at least 100,000 CFU or spores, at least 300,000 CFU or spores, at least 1,000,000 CFU spores per seed.
 100. (canceled)
 101. (canceled)
 102. (canceled)
 103. The synthetic combination of claim 61, wherein the formulation comprises at least two endophytes provided in any of Tables 2B, 3B, 4B, and
 15. 104. (canceled)
 105. A plurality of synthetic combinations of claim 61, placed in a medium that promotes plant growth, said medium selected from the group consisting of: soil, hydroponic apparatus, and artificial growth medium.
 106. (canceled)
 107. (canceled)
 108. (canceled)
 109. A plant grown from the synthetic combination of claim 61, said plant exhibiting an improved phenotype of agronomic interest, selected from the group consisting of: disease resistance, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, cold tolerance, salinity tolerance, metal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, chemical tolerance, improved water use efficiency, improved nitrogen utilization, improved nitrogen fixation, pest resistance, herbivore resistance, pathogen resistance, increased yield, increased yield under water-limited conditions, health enhancement, vigor improvement, growth improvement, photosynthetic capability improvement, nutrition enhancement, altered protein content, altered oil content, increased biomass, increased shoot length, increased root length, improved root architecture, increased seed weight, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, number of pods, delayed senescence, stay-green, and altered seed protein composition. 110.-137. (canceled)
 138. An agricultural product comprising a 1000 seed weight amount of a synthetic combination of claim
 61. 139.-146. (canceled) 